Law Essay写作-衍生工具在国家立法中的作用
10页1、 Top论文网 专业留学生essay代写网站Law Essay写作-衍生工具在国家立法中的作用Effects of Derivatives in National LegislationIn the case before us the United Kingdom has failed to transpose the directive into national law, resulting in a detrimental effect for both Rachel and Jose. The fact that the UK government voted against the Directive when it was adopted in the council of ministers by QMV1 and believes that existing legislation adequately covers teachers rights is of no consequence if the state of the law doesnt give eff
2、ect to the directive.Initially it was envisaged that the infraction procedure as set out in Article 2262 EC treaty would be the primary means of enforcement of community law against member states3. Article 226 proved itself to be ineffective; at the time lacking provisions4 to impose penalties on member states. Article 226 is also incapable of safeguarding the rights of individuals (a compensation order cannot be made against the defaulting state in favour of the aggrieved individual)5. Due to t
3、he inadequacy of Article 226 in the case of Van Gend en Loos 19626 the principle of direct effect was born. Van Gend en Loos had had a customs duty imposed on his goods by the Dutch contrary to Article 25 breaching rules in relation to the free movement of goods. Van Gend brought proceedings against the Dutch government in the national courts claiming reimbursement of the customs duties. The Dutch court sought a preliminary ruling from the ECJ7 who first of all considered whether treaty provisio
4、ns could confer directly effective rights upon individuals. The ECJ held that “community law not only imposes obligations on individuals but is intended to conferrights which become part of their legal heritage (arising) not only where they are expressly granted by the treaty, but also by reason of obligations which the treaty imposes in a clearly defined way upon individuals as well as upon member states”.Article 249 provides that a directive is binding as to the result to be achieved but not a
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