语言学教程 我的复习.doc

语言学概论Chapter: Invitation to linguistics一、language1、 DefinitionLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是用于交际的一套有声符号系统It evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contents. (human specific)2、 The history（origin）(1) The bow-wow theory 模仿说（imitation）People imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment. Onomatopoeic words(拟声词)(2) The pooh-pooh theory本能说（instinct）In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they Utter instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy .Interjections like oh ,ah ai yo. (3) The yo-he-ho theory号子说（rhythmic grunts）As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts(咕哝) which gradually developed into chants and then into languages.(4) The divine-origin theory神授说（creation）(5) The invention theory 人造说（invention）(6) The evolutionary theory进化说（evolution）3、 design features of language语言的普遍特征l language distinguishes human beings form animals in that it is far more sophisticated than any animals communication system.Eg.(philosopher Bertrand Russell ) no matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest.再会叫的狗，他也不会说出他的父母很穷但是很务实的话来l design features(1) Arbitrariness任意性There is no logical connection between sounds and meaning.(Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of a linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.) We do not know why the book is called the book.(2) Duality二元性It means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements the secondary level and each of the two level has its own principles of organization.(3) Creativity创造性 it means language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness(递归性)。

Language is creative in another sense, that is, its potential to create endless sentence.(4) Displacement移位性:Displacement is that language can refer to the contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. (5) Culture transmission文化传递性:Animals call systems are genetically transmitted. Human languages are culturally transmitted.4、 the function of language语言的功能（1） Informative信息功能 ：The informative function means language is the instrument of thought and people often use it to communicate new information.（2） interpersonal function人际功能：It is the most important sociological use of language. The interpersonal function means people can use language to establish and maintain their status in a society.（3） performative 施为功能The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. （4） Emotive function感情功能The emotive function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.（5） phatic communion寒暄功能 The phatic communion means the social interaction of language. such ritual exchanges as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day, etc., to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without any factual content.（6） recreational function娱乐功能The recreational function means people use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.（7） metalingual function元语言功能The metalingual function means people can use language to talk about itself. E.g. I can use the word “book” to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” to talk about the sign “b-o-o-k” itself.二、linguistic1、definition It is the systematic investigation of the common features of all natural human languages. 2、main branches of linguistic (1) Phonetics语音学Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.从自然属性研究人类语音 (2) Phonology音系学Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.研究语音结构、分布和排序的规则以及音节的 形状。

(3) Morphology形态学Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.研究单词内部组成(4) Syntax句法学Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. 研究组词造句的规则(5) Semantics语义学 Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.语言的意义(6) Pragmatics语用学 Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.研究语言在环境中的意义3、Macrolinguistics宏观语言学 Macrolinguistics is the study of language in all aspects, distinct from microlinguistics, which dealt solely with the formal aspect of language system.（1）Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in 。