
限定词.doc
11页一、限定词的概念限定词(determiner)是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指(specific reference)、类指(generic reference)以及表示确定数量(definite quantity)和非确定数量(indefinite quantity)等限定作用的词类名词词组除有词汇意义外,还有其所指意义(referential meaning),是特指(即指特写的对象),还是类指(即泛指一类人或物);是有确定的数量,还是没有确定的数量能在名词词组中表示这种所指意义的词类就是限定词二、限定词包括哪些词定冠词(defintite article):the;不定冠词(indefintite article):a, an;零冠词(zero article)物主限定词(possessive determiner):my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its;名词属格(genitive noun):Tom’s, my mother’s;指示限定词(demonstrative determiner):this, that, these, those, such;关系限定词(relative determiner):whose, which;疑问限定词(interrogative determiner):what, which, whose;不定限定词(indefintite determiner):no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another;基数词(cardinal numeral):one, two, three, four, five…;序数词(ordinal numeral):first, second, third, fourth, fifth…;倍数词(multiplicative numeral):one third, two thirds…;分数词(fractional numeral):twice, three times…;量词(quantifier)a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of…。
三、限定词的分类按照限定词与限定词的相互搭配关系,限定词可分为前位限定词(pre-determiner)、中位限定词(central determiner)和后位限定词(post-determiner)其相互搭配关系为:前位+中位+后位在这三类限定词中,前位限定词与前位限定词以及中位限定词与中位限定词是相互排斥的,后位限定词与后位限定词之间虽不相互排斥但有搭配限制前位限定词包括:all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)等中位限定词包括:冠词:a(n), the指示代词:this, that, these, those形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, etc名词属格:Jim’s, my mother’s不定代词:some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, etc连接代词what(ever), which(ever), whose, etc后位限定词包括:one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等。
四、限定词与形容词的差别限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等限定作用的词类限定词与形容词的差别有以下几个方面:一、当限定词与形容词同时出现在一个名词词组里时,通常的顺序是:限定词在前,形容词在后二、限定词的选择受名词中心词的类别的严格限制,而形容词的选择虽也受词汇意义的限制,但没有语法意义上的限制三、限定词对名词中心词只在所指意义上起限定作用,而形容词作为前置修饰语则起描写作用四、限定词通常只能前置,而形容词作名词修饰语时既可前置又可后置五、除few, little, many, much外,限定词一般没有比较级和最高级形式,而形容词通常有比较级和最高级Wish 类的虚拟语气英语中,wish 之后的宾语从句,表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望,常用虚拟语气其虚拟语气的结构为:表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前 (1) had + 过去分词; (2) would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词与主句动作同时发生(1) 过去时(be 用were );(2) 过去进行时发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should + 原形动词注意:从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关,而与 wish 的时态无关。
比较:I wish I were rich. 要是我现在有钱就好了I wish I had been rich. 要是那时我有钱就好了I wished I were rich. 当时我后悔自己没有钱I wished I had been rich. 当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱以上第一句和第三句的wish分别用了现在时和过去时,但宾语从句中都用的were,只是意思有所不同:wish表示现在的愿望,wished表示过去的愿望另外,wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,但与之意义相近的hope却不能用虚拟语气,千万别混在一起了if only后的句子用虚拟语气if only 与 I wish一样,也用于表示与事实相反的愿望,其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish 后所接时态的情况相同但if only 通常独立使用,没有主句If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!as if (though) 从句用虚拟语气(方式状从)以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟语气,若表示与现在事实相反,或与主句动作同时发生,谓语动词用一般过去时(be 用were);若表示与过去事实相反,或发生在主句动作之前,用过去完成时had done;表示将来的可能性不大,发生在主句动作之后,用would (might, could)+动词原形。
He talks as if he had a potato in his mouth.他说起话来好像嘴里含了个土豆He talks as if he had been abroad. 他说起话来好像曾经出过国She looked as of she had seen a ghost.他看起来好像刚才遇见鬼似的He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了两点说明:(1) 从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实,也可用陈述语气:It looks as if we’ll be late. 我们似乎要迟到了2) 注意 It isn’t as if…的翻译:It isn’t as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)It isn’t as if you were going away for good. 又不是你离开不回来了3) 比较下面两个句子:He looks as if he is rich.他看上去好像很有钱He talks as if he wad rich.他看上去就像是很有钱的样子第一句的as if从句用了陈述语气,表明说话者认为他也许真的很有钱——比如看到他穿名牌,开高级轿车,出入豪华宾馆等。
第二句的as if从句使用了虚拟语气,表明说话者认为他其实不是很有钱,认为他夸夸其谈的样子像是在吹牛,或者说认为“他很有钱”这一描述是非真实的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在 for fear that, in case, lest 引导的目的状语从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为: should + 动词原形并且 should 不能省略He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到2) 在 so that, in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在 even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从句的结构与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。
2) 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为:① may +动词原形(指现在或将来)We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他② may +完成式(指过去) ,主句结构不限You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲(3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形,主句结构不限Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到,他还是个好学生。
