新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson44.docx

新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson44【课文】Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.听录音，然后回答以下问题Whatinfluencesusfromthemomentofbirth?Customhasnotcommonlybeenregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehaviouratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviourmoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbelief,andtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobinghecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehaviouroftheindividual,asagainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueagainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacularofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopautonomously,thefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirth,thecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehaviour.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhim,andnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemitismoreincumbentuponustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarieties,themaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible.Thestudyofcustomcanbeprofitableonlyaftercertainpreliminarypropositionshavebeenaccepted,andsomeofthesepropositionshavebeenviolentlyopposed.Inthefirstplace,anyscientificstudyrequiresthattherebenopreferentialweightingofoneoranotheroftheitemsintheseriesitselectsforitsconsideration.Inallthelesscontroversialfields,likethestudyofcactiortermitesorthematureofnebulae,thenecessarymethodofstudyistogrouptherelevantmaterialandtotakenoteofallpossiblevariantformsandconditions.Inthisway,wehavelearnedallthatweknowofthelawsofastronomy,orofthehabitsofthesocialinsects,letussay.Itisonlyinthestudyofmanhimselfthatthemajorsocialscienceshavesubstitutedthestudyofonelocalvariation,thatofWesterncivilization.Anthropologywasbydefinitionimpossible,aslongasthesedistinctionsbetweenourselvesandtheprimitive,ourselvesandthebarbarian,ourselvesandthepagan,heldswayoverpeople'sminds.Itwasnecessaryfirsttoarriveatthatdegreeofsophisticationwherewenolongersetourownbeliefagainstourneighbour'ssuperstition.Itwasnecessarytorecognizethattheseinstitutionswhicharebasedonthesamepremises,letussaythesupernatural,mustbeconsideredtogether,ourownamongtherest.RUTHBENEDICTPatternsofCulture【Newwordsandexpressions生词和短语】commonplaceadj.平凡的aberrantadj.脱离常轨的，异常的trivialadj.微不足道的，琐细的predominantadj.占优势的，起支配作用的manifestv.表明pristineadj.纯洁的，质朴的stereotypen.陈规vernacularn.方言accommodationn.适应incumbentadj.义不容辞的，有责任的preliminaryadj.初步的propositionn.主张preferrentialadj.优先的controversialadj.引起争论的cactusn.仙人掌termiten.白蚁nebulaadj.星云variantn.不同的barbariann.野蛮人pagann.异教徒sophisticationn.老练premisen.前提supernaturaladj.超自然的【课文注释】1.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrains这一部分是feel的宾语，为了强调而把宾语提前了，tobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation是宾语补足语。

monplaceadj.平凡的例句：Poetsinterpretthecommonplacefreshly.诗人能把平凡的事物描绘得有声有色Hewasanunambitiousmandestinedforacommonplacejob.他是一个没有野心的人，注定要找一个平凡的工作n.常事，老生常谈，普通的东西例句：Soonitwillbecommonplaceformentotraveltothemoon.人们去月球旅行很快就会成为常事Whathehassaidisamerecommonplace.他所说的无非是老生常谈而已MsReza'snotesalsorecordhismorecommonplacetraits.另外，雷扎也记录了萨科奇更多平凡普通的特征3.theotherwayaround正好相反4.takentheworldover是过去分词短语，做traditionalcustom的定语，taken前省略了itis,意为：被全世界所接受的5.trivialadj.不重要的，琐碎的例句：It'satrivialmatterandnotworthfightingabout.区区小事不值得争吵。

Hecouldremembereverytrivialincidentingreatdetail.他能把每件小事的细节都记得很清楚6.predominantadj.主要的，占优势的，显著的例句：Thepredominantfeatureofhischaracterwaspride.他的性格中主要的特点是骄傲Whichcountryisthepredominantmemberofthealliance?哪个国家在联盟中居于支配地位?【词义辨析】dominant,predominant,sovereign这些形容词均含有“占优势的，支配其它的”之意dominant:强调predominant:侧重指影响与新近的优势sovereign:侧重指其他事物都从属于或低于它的7.manifestvt.显示，证实，表露例句：Hisgenerositymanifestsitselfintimesofdifficulties.他的慷慨在困境中表现了出来Noonecanmanifestthetruthofhisstatement.没人能证明他讲的是真话Thecontradictionmanifesteditselfintheemploymentsituation.在就业问题上矛盾暴露了。

8.gobehindthesestereotypes摆脱这些旧框框9.hisveryconcepts其中的very是形容词，用于加强语气10.havereferenceto参照,与有关11.asagainst-isas•••against意为：与相比较就如同与相比12.beta。