中级微观经济学——理论与应用（第10版）（经济学经典教材·双语教学用书） 教学课件 ppt 作者 尼克尔森等 著 0324319681_67664

1、Part 2,Demand, 2006 Thomson Learning/South-Western,Chapter 2,Utility and Choice, 2006 Thomson Learning/South-Western,3,Utility from Consuming Two Goods,Assume that person receives utility from consumption of two goods “X” and “Y,” which we show in functional notation by Other factors that appear after semicolon assumed to be held constant.,4,Measuring Utility,Two problems affect ability to to measure utility directly: Because real-world constantly in flux, ceteris paribus assumption difficult to

2、 impose No units to measure utility directly However, possible to study choices fairly completely without direct utility measurement,5,Assumptions about Utility,Basic Properties of Utility Preferences Preferences complete : assume that individual can state which of any two options is preferable. Preferences transitive: if A is preferred to B, and B is preferred to C, then A must be preferred to C.,6,More Is Better: Defining an Economic “Good”,Economic good: yields positive benefits to consumer.

3、Thus, more quantity of a good is always better than less. Figure 2-1: shows all points in the darkly shaded area preferable to amount X* of good X and Y* of good Y. Movement into shaded area unambiguously better since person gets more of one good without losing any of the other.,7,Quantity of Y per week,Y*,Quantity of X per week,?,?,X*,0,FIGURE 2-1: More Preferred to Less,8,Voluntary Trades, Indifference Curves,Fig. 2.1: areas marked with question marks difficult to compare to X*, Y* since they

4、involve more of one good but less of the other. Trading one good (such as money) for another good (such as a candy bar): essence of demand.,9,Indifference Curves,Curve that shows all combinations of goods or services that provide same level of utility. Figure 2-2: horizontal axis measures quantity of soft drinks consumed by individual per week; vertical axis measures the quantity of hamburgers consumed per week.,10,Indifference Curves,Curve U1 in Figure 2-2 includes all hamburgers/soft drink com

5、binations that yield same utility level. Point A-6 hamburgers and 2 soft drinks- produces same utility as point B-4 burgers and 3 drinks. Since all points on the curve yield same utility, consumer has no reason to prefer one point over another.,11,Hamburgers per week,6,A,B,C,D,U1,4,3,2,Soft drinks per week,2,3,4,5,6,0,FIGURE 2-2: Indifference Curve,12,Points Above Indifference Curve,Figure 2-2, points such as E are above (to northeast) of U1. Since E has more of both goods than point C, E is pre

6、ferred to C (more is better). Because of transitivity, E is preferred to any point on U1. Points above indifference curve preferred to points on curve.,13,Hamburgers per week,6,A,B,C,E,D,U1,4,3,2,Soft drinks per week,2,3,4,5,6,0,FIGURE 2-2: Indifference Curve,14,Points Below Indifference Curve,Figure 2-2: points such as F are below (to the southeast) of given indifference curve. Point C is preferred to point F since C provides more of both goods. Because of transitivity, all points on U1 preferr

7、ed to point F. Points on indifference curve are preferred to points below it.,15,Hamburgers per week,6,A,B,C,E,F,D,U1,4,3,2,Soft drinks per week,2,3,4,5,6,0,FIGURE 2-2: Indifference Curve,16,Slope of Indifference Curve,Figure 2-2: from point A to point B, person willingly gives up two hamburgers to gain one soft drink, since consumer is equally happy at either point. Slope of U1: approximately -2 between points A and B: hamburgers decline by two units to gain one unit of soft drinks.,17,Indiffer

8、ence Curves: Marginal Rate of Substitution,Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS): Rate at which individual will reduce consumption of one good to get one more unit of other good. Measured as negative of indifference curve slope Figure 2-2: MRS between points A and B on U1 (approximately)-2.,18,Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution,Fig. 2.3: On indifference curve U1 , consumer will only give up one hamburger to gain one more soft drink between points B and C. Between points C and D, consumer wi

9、ll give up only hamburger to gain one more soft drink.,19,Hamburgers per week,6,A,B,C,G,D,U1,4,3,2,Soft drinks per week,2,3,4,6,0,FIGURE 2-3: Consumer Prefers Balanced Consumption,20,Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution,MRS diminishes along indifference curve moving from left to right. Reflects idea that consumers prefer balanced consumption Figure 2.3: Point G reflects bundle that is “between” points A and D. Since it is above U1,point G preferable to any bundle on indifference curve.,21,Indifference Curve Maps,Since every hamburger/ soft drink combination must yield some level of utility, every point must have one (and only one) indifference curve passing through it. Indifference curve map shows utility an individual obtains from all possible consumption options. Figure 2-4 shows three of infinite number of indifference curves in map.,22,Labeling Indifference Curves,Since utility can not be measured, labeling ind

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