构词法(compounding).ppt

IntroductionDefinitionTypesCharacteristicsFormationConclusionIntroductionCouldyouexpresstheminEnglish?PigtailDog-earCats-pawChickenheadLionsshareAss-kisserFox-sleepAreyouright?DefinitionDefinitionCompounding (also called composition), is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. TypesSolidhyphenatedopenSolidhyphenatedopenSolidhyphenatedopenCharacteristicsCompound ablackhorseabluebirdafatheadahothouseFree phraseablackhorseabluebirdafatheadahothousePhonologicalfeaturesIn compounds, the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second elements is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases. This is the Phonetic feature of the compounds. Semanticfeatures1. American cloth 2. British warm 3. French leave 4.Spanish athlete 5. Chinese copy 6. Turkish delight 7. Indian meal 8. Dutch treat 美产布料 厚呢短大衣 不辞而别 西班牙运动员 与原物一模一样的复制品 土耳其软糖 印度大餐 AA制 彩色油布 英国式的暖日 法式告别 吹牛者 中国版本 土耳其式狂欢 玉米粉 荷兰招待方式Read the following compounds, and then guess their meaningsTheirmeaningsdonotjustfollowsthe“1+1Principle”,thatistosay,theirmeaningsarenotthecombinationofthemeaningsofthetwoelementsinthecompound.Compoundsaredifferentfromfreephrasesin“one-wordness”.Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.ThisistheSemanticfeatureofcompounds.-examplesAlthoughmanycompoundstendtohavesensesnotwhollypredictablefromtheconstituentbases,forexample,darkroom(roomusedforphotographicprocessing)Therearequiteanumberofcompoundswhoaretransparent,thatisthemeaningcanbeinferredfromtheseparateelementsofcompounds.e.g.washingmachine,dumbshowGrammaticalfeaturesReadthefollowingsentencesandchangethesentencesintopluralforms.Payattentiontotheunderlinedwords.Thereisanew-bornleftonthecornerofthestreet.Thiskindergartenonlyacceptthree-year-oldandabove.Sheisthemostfamousgo-betweeninthisarea.Itisdifficulttofindareallygoodbabysitter.Thishouseiscooledbyair-conditioner.Q:Howaretheychangedintopluralforms?Isitnecessarytoadd“-s”toeachelementofthecompounds?Acompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence,forexample,averb,anoun,oranadjective.Thus,thecompoundsintheabovesentencesshowtheirpluralformsbytakinginflectional“-s”attheend.1.Ofcourse,thereareexceptionssuchasbrothers-in-law,lookers-on,etc.Inspiteofthis,theirsinglegrammaticalroleisapparent.2.Inadjective-nouncompounds,theadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes,forexample:hotlinecantbehotterline.FormationAccording to word class, there are 3 categories of compounds in total:Noun compounds: nightfall, watchdogAdjective compounds: airsick, far-reachingVerb compounds: bottle-feed, brain-wash, lip readA.wordclassofthecompoundingelementsn.+n.(ashtray,hydrogenbomb,barcode),adj.+n.(blueprint,dark-room,harddisc,deadline),adv.+n.(downtown,upgrade,undercloth;),-ing+n.(chewinggum,readinglamp,leadingarticle,)n.+-ing(sightseeing,daydreaming).v.+n.(swearword,breakwater,driveway)n.+v.(nightfall,toothpick,watersupply)v.+adv.(show-off,put-off,follow-up)adv.+v.(outlet,upset,downfall,upstart,onflow)B.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements:daydreaming,sightseeingn+v-ingdaydreaming=dreamsduringtheday,i.e.verb+adverbial.sightseeing=seessights,i.e.verb+objecta.sub.andv.:heartbeat,crybaby,commandingofficer,revolvingdoor,rainfallb.v.andobj.:pickpocket,birthcontrol,dressmaking,housekeepingc.v.andadv.:swimmingpool,divingboard,drinkingcup,typingpaper,walkingstickd.Sub.andobj.:Steamboat,honeybee,powerplante.Restrictiverelation(the1stelementrestricts/modifiesthemeaningof2nd):Raindrop,tablecloth,ashtray;breakfasttime,safety-beltf.Appositiverelation:apeasantgirl;apinetree,agirlfriend,stringcompounddead-letteroffice;test-tubebaby;commanders-in-chief;bread-and-butter;give-and-take;come-and-go;hide-and-seekCompoundnounscanalsobeformedfromphrasalverbs.sit-in,dropout,phone-in,breakdown,walk-ons,walkout,setback;take-offA.wordclassofthecompoundingelementsa.withadj.attheendn.+adj.fat-free,toll-free,care-free,dust-free,dog-tired,home-sick,worldfamous,tone-deaf,lifelongadj.+adj.wet-cold,icy-cold,red-hot,light-blue,bitter-sweet-ing+adj.smoking-hot,soaking-wet,freezing-cold,biting-coldadv.+adj.ever-victorious,over-cautious,all-roundA. wordclassofthecompoundingelementsb.withv.attheendn.+-ingpeace-loving,time-saving,ocean-goingn.+-edheart-felt,air-borne,home-made,book-filled,poverty-strickenadj/adv.+-ingeasy-going,hard-working,everlastingadj/adv.+-ednewly-developed,well-balanced,hard-wonA. wordclassofthecompoundingelementsc.withn.attheendn.+n.-edchicken-hearted,honey-mouthed,paper-backedadj.+n.-edshort-sighted,hot-tempered,tender-heartedadj.+n.long-distance,full-length,white-collar,red-letterB.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements:a.adj.+adverbialadverbialofcomparison:(asas)stone-deaf,dog-tiredadverbialofdegree:(sothat)steaming-hot,wringing-wetadverbialofcause:(because)home-sick,travel-worn,adverbialofplaces:world-famous,oven-freshB.Syntacti。