病理学含口腔病理学-医学资料

1、病理學(含口腔病理學) 陳玉昆副教授: 高雄醫學大學 口腔病理科 07-31211012755 yukkwakmu.edu.tw Genetics (2) 基因學 (2) Understanding: 1. Chromosomes 2. Mitosis 3. Meiosis 4. DNA, RNA, protein (transcription, translation) 學 習 目 標 1.Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist. Olga AC Ibsen, Joan Anderson Phelan, 4th edition, 2004, p. 216-45 2.陳嘉芬 現代遺傳學 Chapter 2-6, p. 25-92 3.http:/ccms.nut.edu.tw/juang/JRH/Amino.htm 4.www-rohan.sdsu.edu/sepa/genetics.htm 5.http:/ehrweb.aaas.org/ehr/books/2_dominant.html 6.http:/library.thinkquest.o

2、rg/06aug/00440/superbibliography.html 7.Tarjan I, et al. Early prosthetic treatment of patients with ectodermal dysplasia: A clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2005;93:419-24 8.www.genetic-programming.org 9.What you need to know about cancer. Sci Am 1996;289:28-119 10.Gibbs WW. Untangling the roots of cancer. Sci Am 2003;289:56-65 11.Bowden JR, et al. DNA microarray technology: insights for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;42:542-5 12.Kuo WP, et al. Microarrays and c

3、linical dentistry. JADA;2003;134-456-62 13.Ralf D. The first discovery of DNA. Sci Am 2003;96:320-8 14.www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookglossL.html 15.juang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/BCbasics/Amino1.htm 18. References for genetics (1) and (2): 參考資料 Genetics Chromosomes Refs. 1, 4 All living cells contain information which tells them how to develop. This information is contained in chromosomes, inside the cell nucleus, encoded in genes. Genetics Chromosomes What is a chromosome? Chromos

4、omes: Tightly coiled microscopic structures made up mainly of DNA, which consists of four different building blocks called bases (A, T, C, G). The four bases are repeated millions of times to form each chromosome Refs. 1, 4 A chromosome is, minimally, a very long, continuous piece of DNA, which contains many genes, regulatory elements and other intervening nucleotide sequences. In the chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a quasi- ordered structure inside the nucleus, where it

5、 wraps around histones (structural proteins), and where this composite material is called chromatin Genetics Chromosomes Human chromosomes range in length from 50 million to 263 million bases. With few exceptions (e.g., red blood cells), each of the trillions of cells in the human body contains a complete set of chromosomes-the genome. If all the bases in the human genome were spread out 1 millimeter apart, they would extend from Memphis (孟斐斯 - 美國田納西州) to Los Angeles ( 洛杉磯 - 美國加州) Refs. 1, 4 Gen

6、etics Chromosomes Refs. 1, 17 During mitosis (nuclear division), the chromosomes are condensed and called metaphasic chromosomes. This is the only natural context in which DNA is visible with an optical microscope Genetics Chromosomes Refs. 1, 17 Prokaryotes do not possess histones or nuclei. In its relaxed state, the DNA can be accessed for transcription, regulation, and replication Chromosomes were first observed by Karl Wilhelm von Ngeli in 1842 and their behavior later described in detail by

7、 Walther Flemming in 1882. In 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan proved chromosomes to be the carriers of genes Genetics Chromosomes Different stages of DNA condensation (1) Single DNA strand (2) Chromatin strand (DNA with histones) (3) Condensed chromatin during interphase with centromere (4) Condensed chromatin during prophase (5) Chromosome during metaphase Refs. 1, 17 Genetics Chromosomes Refs. 1, 17, 18 1. Chromatid. One of the two identical parts of the chromosome 2. Centromere. The point where the

8、two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach 3. Short arm 4. Long arm Genetics Chromosomes Refs. 1, 4 The complete set of chromosomes in the cells of an organism is its karyotype The karyotype of the human female contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomes (any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome) 1 pair of X chromosomes The karyotype of the human male contains: the same 22 pairs of autosomes one X chromosome one Y chromosome Genetics Chromosomes Refs. 1, 16

9、 Genetics Chromosomes Homo sapiens (human)46 Mus musculus (house mouse)40 Zea mays (corn or maize)20 Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)8 Xenopus laevis (South African clawed frog)36 Caenorhabditis elegans (microscopic roundworm)12 Equisetum arvense (field horsetail, a plant)216 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast)32 Canis familiaris (domestic dog)78 Arabidopsis thaliana (plant in the mustard family)10 Myrmecia pilosula (an ant)2 Parascaris equorum var. univalens (parasitic roundworm)2 Cambarus clarkii (a crayfish)200 The chromosomes in other living organisms differ Refs. 1, 4 Genetics Chromosomes Refs. 1, 17 Species No. of chromosomes Species No. of chromosomes Fruit fly8Human46 Rye(黑麥)14Ape48 Guinea Pig16Sheep54 Dove(鳩)16Horse64 Edible snail(蝸牛) 24Chicken78 Earthworm(蚯蚓 ) 32Carp(鯉魚)104 Pig40Butterflies380 Wheat(小麥)42Fern(羊齒植物)1200 Chromosomes in different species Genetics Chromosomes Refs

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