高二物理竞赛电子回旋共振和DeHaas－VanAlphen效应.pptx

电子回旋共振和De HaasVan Alphen效应PMT的应用例子滨松生产的高通量(high-throughput)PET系统PET系统外观 PET扫描图像显示了许多疾病的早期征兆作为一种全身检查工具，PET正逐渐用于癌症、心脏病，甚至痴呆的早期普查和诊断滨松把它掌握的光子学技术，和达到最新技术发展水平的PMT应用在PET上，极大推进了PET的发展，使它灵敏度更高，响应速度更快滨松已经开始用自己生产的PET为公司员工做定期的健康检查，取得了显著效果产品示威正电子发射断层扫描装置 Positeon Emission Tomograph【注册号】 国食药监械(进)字2003第3330024号【生产地】 日本 435-8558，日本静冈县滨松市市野1126番地-1【生产商】 滨松光子学株式会社 HAMAMATSU PHOTONICS K.K 【适用范围】 将生物体中正电子发射核素标识的示踪剂之分布状态以二维或三维立体方式进行图像化，用于对人体器官以及全身的核医学成像和疾病诊断性能及组成】 结构：产品由扫描装置、患者诊断床、信号处理装置、数据采集控制装置和数据处理装置性能：空间分辨率（FWHM）4.0mm；探测器灵敏度（ks-1/(kBq/ml)）：a).47型二维方式为4.0，三维立体方式为33.0；b).63型二维方式为5.5，三维立体方式为51.0；计数损失20%的计数率160ks-1。

规格型号】 SHR-22000系列-47、-63型【产品标准】 进口产品注册标准 YZB/JAP 0571 SHR-22000系列正电子发射断层扫描装置 【售后服务机构】北京滨松光子技术有限公司【注册代理】 北京滨松光子技术有限公司【备注】 刘华锋, 叶华俊, 鲍超，用于正电子发射断层成像的闪烁晶体，原子能科学技术，35(5),476(2001)PET：正电子发射断层扫描（Positron Emission Tomography）是目前最先进的医疗诊断设备当人体内含有发射正电子的核素时，正电子在人体中很短的路程内（小于几mm）即可和周围的负电子发生湮灭而产生一对光子，这两个光子的运动方向相反，能量均为0.511MeV，因此，用两个位置相对的探测器分别探测这两个光子，可得到生物体内的这种核素分布的信息，利用现代计算机完成图像重建的三维成像技术由于构成生命的基本元素C、O、N 等均有发射正电子的同位素,因此,PET 在理论上可对生命体的许多部位的生理功能进行成像可见,PET 是生命科学研究、医疗诊断颇有特色的工具闪烁晶体PMT光子打到闪烁晶体上，晶体发光，这些光被PMT探测，从而记录了从人体某处发射的光子。

8. 微通道板MCP串式微通道板(切维隆型，两块MCP串联)的电子倍增原理和电子脉冲输出的情况电子e电子倍增原理 上图显示了微通道板的剖视图从图可见在一片玻璃上有无数小孔道每个小孔道直径仅12m，孔道内壁涂有电子倍增物质当一个电子射进一个小孔道后，则电子将在小孔道内壁反复散射前进每次散射都会打出许多次级电子，这些电子以倍增方式愈来愈多，最后从小孔道出口射出的电子将会比入射电子增加104倍左右 微通道板同光电倍增管组合，构成像增强器出射电子eeSingle photon counting and imaging with microchannel plate* The front end NINO read out a pixelated micro channel plate* Signal from NINO are “time stamped” by the HPTDC* Following signal processing is performed in FPGA by use电子倍增器的应用例子对电子能量进行记录、分析 将电子管真空技术与半导体技术，微细加工技术，电子轨道技术和周边电路技术相结合。

就是一种结合了电子管真空技术与半导体技术等的复合器件光电转换后的电子经过电场加速,直接照射在CCD或APD上,引起“电子入射倍增效应” X*-HPD R & D (*Scintillator Crystal +small PM)则利用了闪烁体进行光放大9.HPD - Hybrid Photo Detector玻璃窗光阴极 CF flange with 6cm glass tube: Carrier for window + ball/cube/cylinder of scintillatorReadout PM: single or multi (4 max?) anode for scintillateur + light guideBall/cube/cylinder of scintillator: Ball/cube/cylinder of scintillator: may be segmentmay be segmentededGlass tube 6cm: extensions with Glass tube 6cm: extensions with differents scintillators can be welded: differents scintillators can be welded: internal diameter sufficient internal diameter sufficient for 38 x 38 mm 4 anode Photonis PMfor 38 x 38 mm 4 anode Photonis PM need to use fast scintillator, e.g. cube or cylinder.Requirehigh light yield high gainshort decay timeLow Z preferable low back scattering coefficient Emission around l = 400 nmLY (g / keV)t (ns)ZeffeBSlemission (nm)YAP:Ce1827320.35370LYSO:Ce2540640.45420LaBr3:Ce6330470.4360LaBr3 is quite hygroscopiceeCan be furtherimproved by optimizingbulb geometry.Electrostatics (SIMION 3D)Expected performance Viewing angle 120 X-tal hit probability 100% flight time spread 0.4 ns (RMS)electrical feedthroughAl coated ENF 1.15Calibration: 1 p.e. = 0.0514109 VsPMT Photonis XP3102 (25 mm ) has very good signal propertiesPMTHPD* Hybrid Photo-detector (HPD)* Hybrid Photo-detector (HPD)R7110U-40 (TO-8 Type)R9503U-04 (Proximity Type)Large Format Type (Development)Good PHD and CE Good UniformityImmunity to Magnetic Field8keVAvalanche GainX 50Photocathode(-8kV)PhotoelectronOutputLightAPDElectron BombardmentX 1200Combination of EB and avalanche gainPhotocathodeAPD雪崩光电二极管Sketch of 5 inch HPDSketch of 5 inch HPD180 mmAPD Target(3 mm in dia.)Effective Area(80 mm in dia.)5 inch HPD was made as feasibility study for larger size.Glass bulb of 5 inch hemispherical PMT was used.sealing tapefor protection * Photon detector:Quartz window, S20 photocathode Typical QE dE 0.7eVCross-focussing optics (tetrode structure): De-magnification by 5 Active diameter 75mm 484 tubes for overall RICH system20 kV operating voltage (5000 e eq. Si) * Anode:25632 pixel Si-sensor array small pixels low noisebump-bonded to binary readout chipassembly encapsulated in vacuum tubeLHCb readout mode: 8-fold binary OR effective 3232 pixel arraypixel size 500mm500mm sufficientAnodeVacuumphoton detectorPulse Height DistributionPulse Height DistributionPMT1pe1pe2pe3pe4pe5peK-APD = 12KVHPDI. SIMION simulations show that shape of exisiting BAIKAL PMT can be improved to provide one-one correspondence and timing improvementIII. Coupling to a light guide system also provides information on the detected light directionRxII. Coupling to a position sensitive detector provides information on the photoelectron emission point* 一种位置灵敏光电倍增管探测器10.SIMION SIMULATIONOur SIMION simulation has been expanded to include the following features. New moderator holder and grid geometry. Description of beam pipe and SOA shroud. Monte-Carlo model of positrons from moderator Description of beam dump was also modeled (not shown).3-D SIMION Simulations Provides better visualization of field lines and positron transportExperimental shield walls constructed.Load-lock aligned with SOA gun column.Load-Lock vacuum system tested (10-8 torr).Pneumatic gate valve controller installed and testedTIPS Beam Port One A。