natureoflanguage
51页1、The Nature of Language,Introduction1.1What is linguistics 1.1.1Definition Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.,The Scope of Linguistics,Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets , so the linguists have to concentrate on one aspect of it at a time. The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics .,The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.,While sounds are primar
2、y in linguistic communication, they are represented by certain symbols, i.e. , words and morphemes. The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.,The combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.,The ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically well-formed sentences, but to convey meaning. The study of
3、 meaning in language is called semantics.,Language communication does not occur in a vacuum. It always occurs in a context, i.e., it always occurs at a certain time, at a certain place, between participants with particular intentions. The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics .,Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. Therefore, language and society are closely related. The language a person uses often reveals his social backgro
4、und, and there exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used on a certain occasion ; and language changes are often caused by social changes. The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics,.,The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. It aims to answer questions such as, How does the human mind work when we use language? How do we as infants acquire our mother tongue? How do we memorize? How do we proce
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