语言学讲义考研5Semantics.ppt

1,讲义五 Semantics,Grace Tan,考研语言学 谭宗燕,2,考点,语义学定义 语义三角说 LEECH的七种意义类型词汇意义关系(同义,反义,下义)识别各实例中词与词的意义关系，句与句间的蕴涵、前提、回话含义、同义、不相容、语义矛盾、语义反常等用成分分析同下义词、反义词、句子意义的区别反义词的种类及例子,考研语言学 谭宗燕,3,T/F,The meaning relationship between MAN and Grown-up is hyponymous because the semantic features of man are included in those of grown-up.Semantically, beef is excluded in meat.Kids and children are synonyms despite their stylistic differences.In the following pairs of sentences , b presupposes a.A.John managed to finish in time.B.John tried to finish in time.In the semiotic triangle, there is no direct relationship between symbol and referent.If a word has sense, it must have reference.Predication of a S is identical to the proposition of the S.,考研语言学 谭宗燕,4,definition,Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.,考研语言学 谭宗燕,5,24. _____ is the major concern of semantics.A. meaning B. words C. sentence structure D. phrase structure rulesAnswer: A,考研语言学 谭宗燕,6,some views concerning the study of meaning,G. Leech and his 7 types of meaningNaming theoryThe Conceptualist ViewContextualism BehaviorismTruth conditions,考研语言学 谭宗燕,7,1. Leech divided meaning into ____ types.2.《说文》：“要，身中也。

《墨子·经说》：昔楚灵王好细要要”属于——意义考研语言学 谭宗燕,8,考研语言学 谭宗燕,9,Grammatical Meaning & Lexical Meaning,Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm. (语法意义指词义中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义例如词类、名词的单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形式) inflectional paradigms of verb: forget, forgets, forgot, forgotten, forgetting,考研语言学 谭宗燕,10,,For example : girls, winters, tables, joys We notice that word-forms, though denoting different objects of reality, have something in common. This common element is the grammatical meaning of plurality. (They have the same grammatical meaning),考研语言学 谭宗燕,11,,Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. (林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。

在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义相同 For example : The word-forms go, goes, went, going, gone possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person, and so on, but in each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component (same lexical meaning ).,考研语言学 谭宗燕,12,2. Conceptual Meaning  & Associative Meaning,Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. 概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心 E.g. a woman is defined as an adult female human being.,考研语言学 谭宗燕,13,,Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc. 联想意义是概念意义的补充意义，是次要意义。

它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的 Four Categories：,考研语言学 谭宗燕,14,考研语言学 谭宗燕,15,1) Connotative Meaning,It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. 内涵意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想What connotations do you think “home”, “dragon” and “mother” might have?,考研语言学 谭宗燕,16,2) Stylistic Meaning,Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles.很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩，以适应不同的文体风格In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as ‘formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang’ and so on.,考研语言学 谭宗燕,17,Compare the following two groups ofsynonyms:,leave job can’t tired ad,departposition cannotfatiguedadvertisement,考研语言学 谭宗燕,18,3) Affective Meaning,Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words.情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。

这种意义可以通过选用表情词直接了当地表现出来考研语言学 谭宗燕,19,,Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative and pejorative/derogative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.,考研语言学 谭宗燕,20,appreciative pejorative,elderlylittle famous slim/slender determinedstatesmanconfidencefarmerpublicity,oldsmallnotoriousskinnypigheadedpoliticiancomplacencypeasantpropaganda,考研语言学 谭宗燕,21,4) Collocative Meaning,It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. 搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意义。

E.g.pretty woman and handsome woman -stress the attractiveness of facial features -may not be facially beautiful but slender figure, graceful posture and behaviorgreen hand, green fruit, green with envy, green-eyed monster,考研语言学 谭宗燕,22,★,考研语言学 谭宗燕,23,12. ____ is NOT included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. connotative meaning B. social meaning C. collocative meaning D. thematic meaningAnswer: D,。