英语词汇学课件Unit3.ppt

UNIT 3 WORD FORMATION(I),,Contents,,,,派生法的特点,1,,,复合法的特点,2,,,转化法的特点,3,Introduction,现代英语词汇的发展主要依靠构词法构词的方式有多种其中活动能力很强的有词缀法（派生法）、复合法和转化法根据Pyles&Algeo(1982)的研究，英语通过词缀法构词的占新词总量的30-40%；复合法28-30%；转化法26%；其余的新词来自于缩略法等其它构词法构词规则的使用范围有限制规则本身不是固定不变的，某一时期一种构词方法可能会很活跃，有时又失去活跃性，不再构成新词必须记住，规则都有例外 如：古英语-th,3.1 Derivation & derivative,,derivation: A process by which more complex words are formed from less complex words. Eg. pure --- purify --- purificationderivative: A complex word formed by derivation. Eg. girl --- girlhood, leg- --- legal,,3.1.1 Prefix and suffix来源: 古英语和外来语特点：多义性。

Eg. -er cooker, binder, pointer译法不同an, -ant/ent, -ar,-ard, -arian, -ee, -eer, -er,-ese, -eur, -ian, -ician, -icist, -ist, -logist, -or, -ster, -crat构词能力不同：与出现频率无关前后缀的主要功能不同前后缀与词根的关系不同 拼写和发音 （-ette, international, unattractive),,#.前缀（主要改变词义）,Negative prefixes: a-/dis-/in-/non-/un-Reversative prefixes: de-/dis-/un-Pejorative prefixes: mal-/mis-/pseudo-Prefixes of degree or size: arch-/extra-/hyper-/macro-/micro-/mini-/over-/sub-/super-/sur-/ultra-/under-Prefixes of orientation and attitude: anti-/contra-/counter-/pro-Locative prefixes: extra-/fore-/inter-/trans-Prefixes of time and order: ex-/fore-/post-/pre-/re-Number prefixes: bi-/multi-/poly-/semi-/hemi-/tri-/uni-/mono-Miscellaneous prefixes: auto-/neo-/pan-/vice-,#.后缀（不仅改变词义，还会改变词性）,形容词后缀:名词后缀:动词后缀: 副词后缀: 改变词性的三个前缀: en-/em-: endanger, enrich, empower a-: asleep, aglow, astride be-: bewitch, befriend,,3.1.2 Structure of derivatives以自由词根为主，附以粘着词素。

prefix + free root + suffix combining form + free root以粘着词根为主，附以派生词缀或另一粘着词根 prefix + non-productive bound root + suffix combining form + combining form (组合形式与组合形式构成的词有的地方称作新古典复合词，也有的地方直接归入复合词Ex. P33, Ex.2,,,hemi- semi-,demi- mono- uni- di- bi- tri- tri- tetra- quadri- penta- quint- hexa- sex- hept- sept- oct- oct- ennea- nona- deca- deci-,,3.2 Compounding & compound,,compounding/composition: A process of word formation, i.e. combining two or more otherwise free morphemes or series of morphemes (=words) to form a compound. Eg. blackboard, sitting-roomcompound: A word made of two or more independent words.,,3.2.1 Compound Vs. free phraseSemantically: blackbird/blackmail/hot dog ? flower pot, washing machine, dumb showSyntactically: He bad-mouthed me.Phonologically: The ‵sunshine is gorgeous. This black bird is a blackbird.orthographically： hot dog, bad-mouth, blackbird,,,连字符（hyphen)的作用：置于词与词之间，构成新词： tax-exemption, eco-geographic避免印刷上的误解，如： He is a foreign stamp collector.表示成语： a root-and-branch revision,,3.2.2 Meaning of compound最古老的构词方法之一。

语义关系: 第一部分限定或修饰第二部分（也有例外）形式相同的复合词其内部的语义关系可能是各不相同的Ex.5)词性：复合介词，复合连接词，复合副词，复合代词，复合数词，句式复合词，等等3.2.3 Compound nouns按照各组成部分的词性来分： Q & A: sleeping dog VS. sleeping car重音 sleeping car （gerund or P.P.)sleeping dog vs. floating bridgeWhat if ‘sleeping dog’ is a kind of dog? 按照组成部分之间的句法关系来分 Q & A: 同位关系与限定关系的区别？,,,3.2.4 Compound adjectives3.2.5 Compound verbs 可直接由两个词复合而成，但主要是通过转化法或者逆生法从复合名词变来的Ex. P49,I-A, P53 V1-4,,3.3 Conversion,,conversion: A word formation process that assigns an already existing word to a new syntactic category (also called zero derivation.) Eg. nurse (n.) --- nurse (v.)* 转化法大多在简单词中进行，派生词通常不能转化。

3.3.1 Verbsn. →v.Adj. →vAdv.(prep. Conj. Interj.) →v yes (yessed, yessing) All she has to do was yes him when he was talking.3.3.2 NounsV. →n. (*contrast, abstract)Adj. →n (full & partial conversion) the poor,,,3.3.3 Adjectives名词做定语：street lightVP →Adj. nonce word（临时词）：本身是自由词组或习语，但用连字符连接起来构成单个的词 stay-at-home, forget-me-not, ahead-of-schedule 3.3.4 Adverbs Adj. →adv. She writes good/nice/careful/quick. He was real/sure lucky. Ex. P65 Ex 1,,课后作业,,Text in here,预习教材第三单元。

思考：WHO是 acronym 还是initialism? Ex. I– IV.,。