英国文学82讲解sonnet18资料.ppt

William Shakespeare (1564—1616),“All the world 's a stage, / And all the men and women merely players.” ——William Shakespeare,William Shakespeare(1564—1616),1.His life 2.His literary career 3.Features of his drama 4.Text Study: Hamlet 5.His Poems 6.Text Study: Sonnet 18,5. His Poems,1) Shakespeare wrote 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets which were addressed to a handsome young man and a dark lady. 2) His plays are poetical dramas, many important dialogues and soliloquies in the plays assume the form of poetry.,Sonnet,A poem consisting of 14 lines with rhymes arranged according to one or other of certain definite schemes, of which the Petrarchan and the Elizabethan are the principal, namely: (1) abba abba, followed by two, or three, other rhymes in the remaining six lines; (2) abab cdcd efef gg. The sonnets of Shakespeare are in the latter form. (see P118-119),Iambic Pentameter,抑扬格(iambic): 如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb, iambic.）。

轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格Iambic Pentameter,英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的诗行的长短以音步数目计算： 英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步——五音步六、七、八音步的诗行也有，但不多最多的是四音步、五音步的诗 （各种长短诗行的专门术语：一音步诗：monometer 二音步诗：dimeter三音步诗：trimeter四音步诗：tetrameter 五音步诗：pentameter 六音步诗：hexameter 七音步诗：heptameter八音步诗：octameter.）,,音步： 我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，都有重读音节与轻读音节之分，在一句话中，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，有些词也要重读，有些要轻读如He went to town to buy a book. I’m glad to hear the news. 英文中有重读和轻读之分，重读的音节和轻读的音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。

多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读读下面这两句诗：,,Alone │she cuts │and binds│ the grain, And sings │a me│lancho│ly strain. 这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻——重在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中的“小节”一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的音步数都是四，所以就称其为四音步诗在分析一首诗的格律时，既要考虑此诗的基本音步类型，也要考虑此诗中诗行的音步数目看下面的一首短诗： An EMPTY HOUSE Alexander Pope You beat│your pate, │and fan│cy wit │will come: Knock as│you please, │there’s no│body│at home. （你拍拍脑袋，以为灵感马上就来可任你怎么敲打，也无人把门打开pate，脑袋 fancy，动词：以为，想象 在此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格，每行五音步因此称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”（iambic pentameter）。

一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律（meter）Hamlet, Old words: Thee, obj., thou, sub., thy=your, thine=yours, or your (before vowel). “You” to strangers and uppers; “thou” intimate or familiars and to inferior people,Hamlet, Old words: Dost/doest=do (2nd sing), doth/doeth=does Hast=have (2nd sing), hath= has , hadst=had (past) layst, mak’st, canst, whilst,Hamlet, Old words: Ere=before still=always oft=often Happily=haply=perhaps even=evening morn=morning,6. Text Study: Sonnet 18,Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And Summer’s lease hath all too short a date;,Shall I compare you to a summer's day? You are more lovely and more constant: Rough winds shake the beloved buds of May And summer is far too short:,可否把你比作美丽的夏天？ 可你比夏天更加可爱如绣： 狂风摇曳着五月里的花冠， 夏天的租期不肯太长逗留，,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm’d； And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or nature’s changing course,untrimm’d;,At times the sun is too hot, Or often goes behind the clouds; And everything beautiful sometime will lose its beauty, By misfortune or by nature's planned out course.,有时候苍之巨眼未免焦灼， 他金色的脸也会经常暗退。

所有的美丽总会不免衰落， 偶然或永恒总将美丽残催But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st;,But your youth shall not fade, Nor will you lose the beauty that you possess; Nor will death claim you for his own, Because in my eternal verse you will live forever.,但是你的妖艳会永不退萎 你不会失去你拥有的美丽， 死神也惧把你送阴间吹擂； 这时你将于诗中永存与日So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.,Speakers’ Corner,So long as there are people on this earth, So long will this poem live on, making you immortal.,只要人类呼吸，目放光芒， 诗行也会同长，使你命芳。

Sonnet 18 of Shakespeare,Structure proposal (1-2) argument (3-12) conclusion(13-14),Sonnet 18,Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — a Thou art more lovely and more temperate: ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, — — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — a And Summer’s lease hath all too short a date; ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — b,Sonnet 18,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — c And often is his gold complexion dimm’d； ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — d And every fair from fair sometime declines, ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — c By chance, or nature’s changing course,untrimm’d; ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — d,Sonnet 18,But thy eternal summer shall not fade, ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — e Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; ∨ — ∨ — ∨ ∨ ∨ — ∨ — f Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, ∨ ∨ — — ∨ — ∨ ∨ ∨ — e When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st; ∨ ∨ ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — ∨ — f,Sonnet 18,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see。