
超验主义思想与美国浪漫主义文学.ppt
80页美国 超验主义与 浪漫主义学American Transcendentalism“超验”一词由来w德文 transzendent 在康德的哲学中,同“内在”相对 ,意为超出一切可能的经验之上,非人的认识能力 可以达到感觉之外的物质世界“自在之物”是客观 存在的,它作用于人们的感官而产生感觉;但是人 们通过感觉只能认识到它的现象而不可能是其本体 w超验主义一词“transcendentalism”来源于拉丁动词 “transcend ere”,意为“超越界限”超验主义被定义 为人通过知觉获取知识的能力强调知觉的力量,相 信人们可以通过感官认知外部世界认为自然界中 的一切事物都是精神的象征精神高于物质,且无处 不在它强调个人的重要性,认为个人才是社会中最 重要的因素相信你自己”(爱默生语)是超验主义 者的座右铭爱默生的观点为抒发个性、主张自由 的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础超验主义兴起的原因(1) :wAgainst rationality in the 18th century West: Nature based on experiments and logic. wAdvocating irrationality and inner power of insight; emphasis on perceptual thinking.超验主义兴起的原因(2) :wAmerican Independence in politics, economy, culture and literature among priests and intellectuals wEuropean Romanticism, Neo-Platonism, Kant’s idealism, Oriental mysticism, Hinduism, Confucius and Mencius’ theorywIndustrialization in the 1850s and social, democratic problems超验主义兴起的原因(3) :wEmersonian Transcendentalism:Rejection of Calvinism and its God-as-Center logicAcceptation of Kantian Apriorism and European Romantic thoughtsAdvocating man’s intuition to find truth with a belief in man as GodBasis on Humanism, emphasizing man’s value, fighting authority, worshiping intuition, liberation of individuality, breaking bondage of theology and dogmas加尔文教派观点w Five points of Calvinism Total depravity Unconditional election Limited atonement Irresistible grace Perseverance of the saints Nature of the atonement wChurch belonging no state or governmentReturn to康德先验论w先验论 唯心主义认识论的一种表现形式。
同唯物主 义反映论根本对立认为人的知识是先于感觉经验、 先于社会实践的东西,是先天就有的亦称先验主义、唯 心主义先验论古希腊哲学家柏拉图主张,在现实世界之 外,有一个超越经验、超越时空、永恒存在的理念世界; 人 的经验是无法认识理念世界的;人们关于理念世界的 知识是先天地存在于人的心灵之中的,通过后天的学习, 可以把它们回忆起来德国古典哲学家康德认为,赋予知 识以普遍性必然性的范畴形式,是主体先天具有的,是先 于经验而存在的先验论割断人们的认识(指理性认识) 同感觉经验与社会实践的联系,必然否认认识同客观世 界的反映与被反映的联系,从而把认识变成与生俱来的、 主观自生的先验论是天才论和英雄史观的理论基础 Return to美国超验主义wExistence period: 1830s-1860s,Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts as center; Transcendental Club in Boston; The Dial wTenet: liberation movement of thinking; touching reform in religion, philosophy, and in literature超验主义的核心观点:w超验:超越经验,针对波士顿的唯一神教派(Unitarianism)的 冷淡古板的理性主义(Rationality)而提的 (即浪漫主义文学 的特点):“承认人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力,能够 超过感官获取知识”。
wTen key TenetsIn Nature, we are able to “transcend“ the truths we know in the Natural world. Materialism is bad. Society is the source of corruption. Our intuition and natural instincts guide us to do the right things. In nature, we are uncorrupted. Conformity is wrong. The nature of human beings is good. Knowledge comes from experience. We have a direct relationship with God. Technology is wrong. Human beings and nature are beautiful in and of themselves. 美国超验主义思想第一个内核:圣灵 wDivinity or Holy Spirit: Omnipresent and Omnipotent超验主义者认为灵魂或圣灵是宇宙中最重要的元 素。
圣灵是全能的,无所不在的万物来自于圣 灵,归属于圣灵于是,超验主义者们代表了一 种新的看待世界的方法这显然是对18世纪牛顿 学说的反抗18世纪一种被普遍接受的观点认为 世界是由物质组成的这也是对美国的资本化, 机械化的反抗,对美国在世界事务中领跑而忽略 精神富足的反抗美国超验主义思想第二个内核:个人wIndividuality: individual as important social element社会的更新进步只有通过个人的更新进步才能得以实现人类自我完善的可能性(反加尔文教思想;反资本主义的de- humanization)爱默生认为,人是按上帝的形象造的,只是 比上帝差一点点无处不在的上帝通过在人的灵魂中“起作用” 而使人变的神圣、圣洁人要依靠自己得到精神世界的完美 个人因与圣灵的相交而变的神圣至此,超验主义又代表 了一种新的看待人的方式世界属于每个人,世界为他而存在,人应决定自己的存在方 式每个人通过塑造世界而塑造了自己,也通过塑造自己而 塑造世界美国超验主义思想第三个内核:象征 wSymbolism: nature as embodiment and symbol of Holy Spirit对于超验主义者们来说,自然不再单纯是物质的 ,宇宙是由自然和圣灵组成的。
他们认为自然是 最纯洁的,对人的道德有最神圣的影响,他们提 倡直接用内心的洞察力去感知这位有灵的无所不 在的上帝在自然中,他们感到完全与外在世界 融合了,完全沉浸在自然中并成为其中的一部分 灵魂超越了身体的物质界限而分享了上帝的无 所不知也就是说,灵魂完全超越了个体的有限 成为上帝的一部分爱默生认为上帝的圣灵无处 不在,不仅在人的灵魂中,也贯穿在自然中 Representatives of Transcendentalist Literature爱默生 Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) wAmerican essayist and poetwLeader of the philosophical movement of transcendentalismwInfluenced by such schools of thought as English romanticism, Neo- Platonism, and Hindu philosophy, Emerson is noted for his skill in presenting his ideas eloquently and in poetic language. Ralph Waldo EmersonThe Ralph Waldo Emerson House爱默生 超验主义的思想根源(1 ):wFamilyFather as a famous priest in BostonFamily members’ encouragement of him to be bold, radical, curious, rebellious and energeticDoubt of Truth and AuthorityChallenge against traditional belief Rejection the position of a priest 爱默生超验主义的思想根源(2) :wHistorical backgroundFrontiers and West as base challenging East and South politics Common Man’s era in 1840s with President; Jefferson’s Natural Aristocrat to all white man being equal Improvement in culture and education with establishment of industrial and urban societyIntroduction of European romanticismDoubt of Puritanism爱默生超验主义的思想根源(3)wNeo-Platonism: two extremes of God as Holy light and complete darkness; God’s light unable to lighten all the world; all things in the world with Holy Light; human soul closest to Holy Light wOriental mysticismMajor works wNaturea book which declared the birth of TranscendentalismwSome other essays : “The Poet“ “Self-reliance“ “The American Scholar“ (American's Declaration of Intellectual Independence)《论。
