英语语言学 整理资料名词+简答

1、第一章、绪论Introduction 1、语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？ Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used in communication Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arran

2、ged to form words Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in context of use Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studi

3、es; In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. Other related branches are anthropological linguistics, neurological inguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational linguistics. 2、 现代语言学Modern linguistics与传统语法Traditional grammar有什么区别？ Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on high (religious, literary) written language. It sets m

4、odels for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or not. 3、什么叫共时研究？什么叫历时研究？ The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study（共时研究）; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study（历时研究）. A s

5、ynchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in rime, while a diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 4、人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？ 1) Arbitrariness 。 It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word dog and the animal it refers to. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same objec

6、t in different languages and that the same sound may be used to refer to different objects is another good example. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Some words, such as the words created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity 。Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction

7、 and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those that they have never said or heard before. 3) Duality 。It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of structure or double

8、 articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. 4) Displacement 。It means that language can be used to talk about what happened in the past, what is happening now, or what will happen in the future. Language can also be used to talk about our real word experiences or the experiences in our imaginary world. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. 5) Cultural transmission 。While we ar

9、e born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned anew. 5、 Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么？ American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speakers knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence,

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