英语发展史_教学课件 Part 1English_in_Ireland_and_Scotland_and_Wales
张勇先张勇先EnglishinIreland,Scotland&WalesOverviewThe UKIreland&Northern IrelandThe Union JackFormation of the Union Jack18011606English in IrelandRepublic of Ireland FactsCapital DublinAreatotal:70,280sqkmland:68,890sqkmwater:1,390sqkmPopulation 4,015,676(2005est.)LanguagesEnglish(official)isthelanguagegenerallyused,Irish(official)(GaelicorGaeilge)spokenmainlyinareaslocatedalongthewesternseaboard.Northern Ireland FactsCapital CityBelfastNationalityBritishandIrishNational Day17MarchStPatricksDayArea14,139sqkmPopulation1,685,000(Census2001)Major CitiesBelfast,LondonderryLanguagesEnglish,IrishandUlsterScotsAnthem(song)God Save the QueenNorthern Ireland FactsNorthernIrelandliesinthenortheastoftheislandofIreland,covering5,459squaremiles(14,139sqkm),aboutasixthoftheislandstotalarea.NorthernIrelandisthesecondmostsparselypopulatedpartoftheUKafterScotland,with317peoplepersquaremile(122persqkm).Northern Ireland HistoryIn1801thewholeofIrelandbecamepartoftheUnitedKingdom,withtheadoptionofthenametheUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.Afteryearsofcivilwar,Irelandbecamearepublicin1921.Atthistime,BritainnegotiatedwithIrelandtokeepthesixcountiesinthenorth-eastofIreland.ThesesixcountiesnowmakeupwhatisknownasNorthernIreland.ThesouthernpartoftheislandistheRepublicofIreland,orEire.1927-ThecurrentnameoftheUK,theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,wasadopted.Brief Timeline(Ireland)400sSt.Patrick.700-800Irishmonasticismreacheditszenith.795Full-scaleVikinginvasion.1170FirstEnglishinvolvementinIreland.1172PopedecreedthatHenryIIofEnglandwasfeudallordofIreland.1300sAlllandinIrelandunderEnglishcontrol.St.Patrick(c387-493)Henry II(1133-1189)1400sEnglishcontrolconfinedtothePale.1534HenryVIIItookcontrolinIreland.1541HenryVIIIproclaimedking(ratherthanfeudallord)ofIreland.1558-1603ReignofElizabeth.PolicyofPlantationbegins./Systemofcountiesadopted.1500sEnglishMonarchscontinuedtocontrolIreland.Late 1500s UlsterRevolts.Henry VIII(1491-1547)Elizabeth I(1533-1603)1610UlsterPlantationbegan(EnglishandScottishProtestantcolonistssettledinUlster).1636AshipnamedEaglesWingsbrought140IrishCalvinistsfromBelfasttoNewEngland.1641CatholicsinIrelandrevolted;some30,000Protestantsmassacred.1649CromwellinvadedIreland.1703Protestantsowned90%oftheland.Oliver Cromwell(1599-1658)1695-1728PenalLaws.1800Fewerthan50%ofthepeopleinIrelandhadEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.1801ActofUnion.1845-1848ThePotatoFamine.1861Only2%ofchildrenundertheageof11weremonoglotIrishspeakers.1893GaelicLeaguewasfounded.1905SinnFeinFormed.Gaelic League Members1916TheEasterRising&FoundationofIRA.1920Partition(BelfastandDublin).1923F.ScottFitzgeraldpublishedThe Great Gatsby.1948CreationofRepublicofIreland.1974PreventionofTerrorismAct.1998Belfast(GoodFriday)Agreement.F.Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)Northern and Southern IrelandCeltic and GaelicCeltic Language Family Celtic&GaelicThe Celtic language family is divided into Irish,Scots,Manx Gaelic as well as Welsh,Breton,Cornish.Gaelic languages is one of the two branches of the Celtic languages;they include:Irish language(Gaeilge)Scottish Gaelic language(Gidhlig)sometimes called Erse in Scots and English.Manx language(Gaelg or Gailck)*WhenreferringtoIrishorManx,theword“gaelic”isusuallypronounced/ei/.InScotland,“Gaelic”isusuallypronounced/:/or/;inScotsandScottishEnglish.Irish GaelicIrishIrish(Gaeilge)isalanguageoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,originatinginIrelandandhistoricallyspokenbytheIrishpeople.IrishisnowspokenasafirstlanguageonlybyasmallminorityoftheIrishpopulation,andasasecondlanguagebyalargerminority.ItenjoysconstitutionalstatusasthenationalandfirstofficiallanguageoftheRepublicofIreland.ItisalsoanofficiallanguageoftheEuropeanUnionandanofficiallyrecognizedminoritylanguageinNorthernIreland.IrishIrishwasthelanguageoftheIrishpeopleformostoftheirrecordedhistory,andtheybroughttheirGaelicspeechwiththemtootherplaces,notablyScotlandandtheIsleofManwhereitgaverisetoScottishGaelicandManx.IrishhastheoldestvernacularliteratureinWesternEurope.However,itbegantodeclineunderBritishruleaftertheseventeenthcentury.Thenineteenthcenturysawadramaticfallinthenumberofspeakers.Byitsend,whilethelanguageneverdiedout,itwasspokenbylessthan15%ofthenationalpopulation.The Number of Irish SpeakersEstimatesoffullynativespeakersrangefrom40,000to80,000people.Intherepublic,therearejustover72,000peoplewhouseIrishasadailylanguageoutsideeducation,aswellasalargerminorityofthepopulationwhoarefluentbutdonotuseitonadailybasis.SmallernumbersofIrishspeakersexistinNorthernIrelandandothercountries.Irish Gaelic vs IrishThelanguageisusuallyreferredtoinEnglishasIrish.ThetermIrish GaelicisoftenusedwhenEnglishspeakersdiscusstherelationshipbetweenthethreelanguages(Irish,ScottishGaelic,andManx)orwhendiscussionofIrishisconfusedtomeanIrish-English,theformofEnglishasspokeninIreland.Irish Literary FiguresJohn Synge(1871-1909)Edmund John Millington SyngewasanIrishplaywright,poet,prosewriter,andcollectoroffolklore.HewasoneofthecofoundersoftheAbbeyTheatre.SyngeisbestknownforhisplayThe Pla
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张勇先张勇先EnglishinIreland,Scotland&WalesOverviewThe UKIreland&Northern IrelandThe Union JackFormation of the Union Jack18011606English in IrelandRepublic of Ireland FactsCapital DublinAreatotal:70,280sqkmland:68,890sqkmwater:1,390sqkmPopulation 4,015,676(2005est.)LanguagesEnglish(official)isthelanguagegenerallyused,Irish(official)(GaelicorGaeilge)spokenmainlyinareaslocatedalongthewesternseaboard.Northern Ireland FactsCapital CityBelfastNationalityBritishandIrishNational Day17MarchStPatricksDayArea14,139sqkmPopulation1,685,000(Census2001)Major CitiesBelfast,LondonderryLanguagesEnglish,IrishandUlsterScotsAnthem(song)God Save the QueenNorthern Ireland FactsNorthernIrelandliesinthenortheastoftheislandofIreland,covering5,459squaremiles(14,139sqkm),aboutasixthoftheislandstotalarea.NorthernIrelandisthesecondmostsparselypopulatedpartoftheUKafterScotland,with317peoplepersquaremile(122persqkm).Northern Ireland HistoryIn1801thewholeofIrelandbecamepartoftheUnitedKingdom,withtheadoptionofthenametheUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.Afteryearsofcivilwar,Irelandbecamearepublicin1921.Atthistime,BritainnegotiatedwithIrelandtokeepthesixcountiesinthenorth-eastofIreland.ThesesixcountiesnowmakeupwhatisknownasNorthernIreland.ThesouthernpartoftheislandistheRepublicofIreland,orEire.1927-ThecurrentnameoftheUK,theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,wasadopted.Brief Timeline(Ireland)400sSt.Patrick.700-800Irishmonasticismreacheditszenith.795Full-scaleVikinginvasion.1170FirstEnglishinvolvementinIreland.1172PopedecreedthatHenryIIofEnglandwasfeudallordofIreland.1300sAlllandinIrelandunderEnglishcontrol.St.Patrick(c387-493)Henry II(1133-1189)1400sEnglishcontrolconfinedtothePale.1534HenryVIIItookcontrolinIreland.1541HenryVIIIproclaimedking(ratherthanfeudallord)ofIreland.1558-1603ReignofElizabeth.PolicyofPlantationbegins./Systemofcountiesadopted.1500sEnglishMonarchscontinuedtocontrolIreland.Late 1500s UlsterRevolts.Henry VIII(1491-1547)Elizabeth I(1533-1603)1610UlsterPlantationbegan(EnglishandScottishProtestantcolonistssettledinUlster).1636AshipnamedEaglesWingsbrought140IrishCalvinistsfromBelfasttoNewEngland.1641CatholicsinIrelandrevolted;some30,000Protestantsmassacred.1649CromwellinvadedIreland.1703Protestantsowned90%oftheland.Oliver Cromwell(1599-1658)1695-1728PenalLaws.1800Fewerthan50%ofthepeopleinIrelandhadEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.1801ActofUnion.1845-1848ThePotatoFamine.1861Only2%ofchildrenundertheageof11weremonoglotIrishspeakers.1893GaelicLeaguewasfounded.1905SinnFeinFormed.Gaelic League Members1916TheEasterRising&FoundationofIRA.1920Partition(BelfastandDublin).1923F.ScottFitzgeraldpublishedThe Great Gatsby.1948CreationofRepublicofIreland.1974PreventionofTerrorismAct.1998Belfast(GoodFriday)Agreement.F.Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)Northern and Southern IrelandCeltic and GaelicCeltic Language Family Celtic&GaelicThe Celtic language family is divided into Irish,Scots,Manx Gaelic as well as Welsh,Breton,Cornish.Gaelic languages is one of the two branches of the Celtic languages;they include:Irish language(Gaeilge)Scottish Gaelic language(Gidhlig)sometimes called Erse in Scots and English.Manx language(Gaelg or Gailck)*WhenreferringtoIrishorManx,theword“gaelic”isusuallypronounced/ei/.InScotland,“Gaelic”isusuallypronounced/:/or/;inScotsandScottishEnglish.Irish GaelicIrishIrish(Gaeilge)isalanguageoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily,originatinginIrelandandhistoricallyspokenbytheIrishpeople.IrishisnowspokenasafirstlanguageonlybyasmallminorityoftheIrishpopulation,andasasecondlanguagebyalargerminority.ItenjoysconstitutionalstatusasthenationalandfirstofficiallanguageoftheRepublicofIreland.ItisalsoanofficiallanguageoftheEuropeanUnionandanofficiallyrecognizedminoritylanguageinNorthernIreland.IrishIrishwasthelanguageoftheIrishpeopleformostoftheirrecordedhistory,andtheybroughttheirGaelicspeechwiththemtootherplaces,notablyScotlandandtheIsleofManwhereitgaverisetoScottishGaelicandManx.IrishhastheoldestvernacularliteratureinWesternEurope.However,itbegantodeclineunderBritishruleaftertheseventeenthcentury.Thenineteenthcenturysawadramaticfallinthenumberofspeakers.Byitsend,whilethelanguageneverdiedout,itwasspokenbylessthan15%ofthenationalpopulation.The Number of Irish SpeakersEstimatesoffullynativespeakersrangefrom40,000to80,000people.Intherepublic,therearejustover72,000peoplewhouseIrishasadailylanguageoutsideeducation,aswellasalargerminorityofthepopulationwhoarefluentbutdonotuseitonadailybasis.SmallernumbersofIrishspeakersexistinNorthernIrelandandothercountries.Irish Gaelic vs IrishThelanguageisusuallyreferredtoinEnglishasIrish.ThetermIrish GaelicisoftenusedwhenEnglishspeakersdiscusstherelationshipbetweenthethreelanguages(Irish,ScottishGaelic,andManx)orwhendiscussionofIrishisconfusedtomeanIrish-English,theformofEnglishasspokeninIreland.Irish Literary FiguresJohn Synge(1871-1909)Edmund John Millington SyngewasanIrishplaywright,poet,prosewriter,andcollectoroffolklore.HewasoneofthecofoundersoftheAbbeyTheatre.SyngeisbestknownforhisplayThe Pla
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