hedges--and-modality.ppt

Hedges and Modality,,Contents,01,02,03,Hedge (Definition, Classification),Modality(Definition, Classification),Pragmatic Functions of Hedge and Modality,We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.,WHAT MAKES US DIFFERENT?,85%,,1.1,G. Lakoff (1972)defines hedges some of the most interesting questions are raised by the study of words whose meaning implicitly involves fuzziness—words whose job is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy. Brown and Levinson (1987:56) :a particle, word or phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a predicate or a noun phrase in a set”. Holmes defines hedges as devices for attenuating the strength of utterance (1982a) and as a part of epistemic modality (1982b, 1984). Hedges could be verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and so on. And all these hedges express meanings of unclear or fuzzy.,Definition of Hedge,We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.,WHAT MAKES US DIFFERENT?,85%,,1.2,(1) Approximators(变动型模糊限制语) Approximators are mainly such expressions as kind of, sort of, about, etc. which act on making meaning fuzzier or imprecise. Approximators can be subdivided into two types: Adaptors（程度变动语） Rounders(范围变动语) (7) I’m kind of glad that I didn’t win. (8) We stayed there for almost a week. (9) His feet were sort of blue.,Classification of Hedge,We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.,WHAT MAKES US DIFFERENT?,85%,,1.2,（2）shields（缓和性模糊限制语） Shields do not reflect the truth condition of the propositional content but reflect the degree of the speakers’ commitment to the truth value of the whole proposition conveyed. Shields are also subdivided into two types: plausibility shields （直接缓和语）and attribution shields.（间接缓和语）,Classification of Hedge,We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.,WHAT MAKES US DIFFERENT?,85%,,Adaptors（程度变动语） Adaptors is that they can modify or revise the degree of an utterance. eg： kind of, sort of, a little bit, some, somewhat, almost, to some extent, more or less, quite, really, entirely, etc,,1.2.1Types of approximators,We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.,WHAT MAKES US DIFFERENT?,85%,,1.2.1Types of approximators,Rounders(范围变动语) Rounders refer to those that can bring a changeable range of understanding to an utterance. roughly, about, around, approximately, nearly, perhaps, more than, essentially, over something between X and Y, etc (11) There are about 40 people in this hall. (12) It’s always around four o’clock when I go to the dentist. (13) The building is about something between fifty and sixty meters high. (14) The lady who is in charge of the company is approximately 50 years old.,We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.,WHAT MAKES US DIFFERENT?,85%,,1.2.2Type of shields,（2）shields（缓和性模糊限制语） Shields do not reflect the truth condition of the propositional content but reflect the degree of the speakers’ commitment to the truth value of the whole proposition conveyed. Shields are also subdivided into two types: plausibility shields （直接缓和语）and attribution shields.（间接缓和语）,We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time. We have many PowerPoint templates that has been specifically designed to help anyone that is stepping into the world of PowerPoint for the very first time.,WHAT MAKES US DIFFERENT?,85%,,Plausibility（直接缓和语） Plausibility shields refer to subject-predicate。