过份依赖科技造成生态危机.pdf

1Dept. of Architecture, Tunghai University Fall, 2006Week 4 What is Sustainability1Dept. of Architecture, Tunghai University Fall, 2006Sustainable City?過份依賴科技造成生態危機，帶來極大的衝擊?人類對環境的濫用已超出科技所能解決?If the present growth trends in world population, industrialisation, pollution, food production and resource depletion continue unchanged, the limits to growth on this planet will be reached some time within the next hundred years - Meadows et al [1972]?對空間專業而言，新觀念成型是當務之急，永 續觀念的提出是化解當前困境的一個辦法?工業革命以來，人類科學技術力量逐漸強大?動態平衡的「自然環境－人類社會實踐」關係被破壞。

生態學被視為是一種整體系統觀的科學?解決人類六大基本問題（能源消耗、資源枯竭、人口膨脹、糧食短缺、 環境惡化、全球生態平衡失調）的指導性理論?『生存的科學』?1980年代，環境設計運動環境設計運動逐漸升溫，生態設計的論述及策略開始與 永續畫上等號國際自然保育聯盟（IUCN）、聯合國環境規劃署 （UNEP）和世界野生生物基金會（WWF）共同出版「世界自然保 育方略」（World Conservation Strategy）報告中，主張發展與保育 並行，並將保育觀念融入開發過程中，但回響不大?1990年代以來，永續（sustainable）逐漸成為一種口號，成為在環 境、政策甚至是政府單位重視土地及環境的意識圖騰Sustainability 理論的源起理論的源起 從生態學到永續發展從生態學到永續發展?生態學家?「延續現代人奢糜生活的工具」?「自然可提供作為最大開發的機會與容受 力」（carrying capacity）?生物學家?「一個整體的地球是一個生態圈」?任何的生物都僅僅只是其中的一小部分，而無權 加以破壞科技的永續性（technological sustainability）?從現存經濟及社會政治系統找到永續生存之道，不需對現行制度 有根本性改變?現今較佔優勢。

對既得利益者，這樣的作法較為保險，不用大幅 度的改革遠較另一觀點脆弱這樣的方法並未直接面對現今的問題，只是 以取代的方式提供治標的方法生態的永續性（ecological sustainability）?現今社會的結構、心態、習性、經濟、社會政治系統都是缺乏永 續的作法，必須提出另一整套新的思考模式加以取代或再結構表象式的處理問題或提出對策只是隔靴搔癢只要不符合永續本 質原則就應加以推翻，其作法直接且激進兩種觀念目標一致，達成方式有極大差異David W. Orr (環境研究學者及作家)將永續論點分為兩類?聯合國World Commission on Environment and Development在1987年出 版的Our Common Future是第一本全球觀的論述，焦點集中於計算各 類資源面臨枯竭的危急程度，並提出綱要性的解決原則?在全球南北問題嚴重失衡，資源分配以及強國政治的現實條件下，終究 只是宣示用的參考資料1972 “Limits to Growth”?永續理論建構取向的文獻中，以Lester W.Milbrath 在1989年寫作 之”Envisioning A Sustainable Society--Learning Our Way Out”為代表性 的作品?從社會學理論觀點提出的就是德國社會學家Ulrich Beck?1991年以德文發表之Ecological Enlightenment?提出風險社會理論，認為從各種方面而言，環境無法永續除了造成嚴重 的社會不公平外，進而將引發災害發生機會大增?永續是啟蒙時代以來最後一個尚未完成的理性化過程。

2Sustainability?Sustainable (Ref: B Thesaurus)?Of, relating to, or being a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged?Of or relating to a lifestyle involving the use of sustainable methods.?Sustainable development (Ref: World Commission on Environment and Development’s 1987 report Our Common Future): “Development that meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”?“development that improves the total quality of life, both now and in the future, in a way that maintains the ecological processes on which life depends…. We need to take a long – term rather than short – term view when taking those decisions and actions”(NSESD, 1992)?Campell（1996）:「系統的長期再生能力」，此一能力必須先能克服來自於 經濟成長和社會公平失衡所導致的財產權衝突（property conflicts）、經濟和 生態利用所產生的資源衝突（resource conflicts），與因為社會公平及環境保 護間的取捨所引發的發展衝突（development conflicts）Extracted from http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/sd.htmlEcologySocietyEconomy1.Economic development to overcome poverty2.Social justice and cultural diversity to enable local communities to express their values in solving these issues3.Environmental protection : we all ultimately dependThe Goals•Ability to be sustained ! •Needs of future generations •Preserve resources •Protect environment •Social stability •Nurture cultural / spiritual •Value judgments . . .Current market failure •Social effects •Equity considerations •Long - term effects •Effect on future generations •Impacts on natural systemsSocial Issues?Sustainable society: secure, healthy, clear sense of place, equitable?Declining equity?Serious preventable health problems?Social effects of global market economics: globalization, localization, megacity?Have stabilized its population?Require developments biodiversity?Have become a zero waste society, re-using and recycling materials?Cut carbon emissions to 10 % present?Have changed vehicle technology and the transport pattern, emphasising accessibility rather than mobilityThe Economic Base?Sustainable use of resources necessary but not sufficient for healthy economy?Have developed a secure economic base by using resources sustainably and in innovative ways?Education and skill levels of workforce crucial [key investment]?Have invested in education, skills and commercial innovation?Clever country ?Large public subsidies for unsustainable activities or investing in our future ??Have priced environmental costs?Have a steady – state economyEcological base?damage - ignorance?to use this improved understanding to reduce the impacts of human activities on the natural world?Our understanding of natural systems is still rudimentary?to work with practitioners to develop a better understanding of complex natural systems?Global trend-Local harm: local activities to global processes ?links between local and global processesHEALTHIER futures?Humane?Technologies and approaches to re。