词义演变的方式..pptx

第第 二二 小小 节节 d ie rz h a n gj i e 词义演变的方式词义演变的方式 词义演变 的方式 Loss of old meanings 旧义的消亡 Narrowing of meaning 词义的缩小 Lexical revivals 新义的诞生 Elevation of meaning 词义的升格 Euphemism 委婉语 Degeneration of meaning 词义的降格 Extension of meaning 词义的扩大 Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is the opposite of restriction, means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed. 词义演变的主要方式有：词义范围的变化、 词义的褒贬、词义的生死、词义的转移等 1、词义的扩大 Four kinds of extension 01 02 03 04 From specific to general From technical terms to general words From concrete to abstract From proper nouns to common nouns PicturePicture Original meaningpresent meaning a painting or drawing a photograph a cinematic picture an x-ray picture a TV picture a radio-telescope picture any picture From specific to general 第 三 章 节 d is a nz h a n gj i e threatthreat（（军队军队 ——威威 胁胁）） From concrete to abstract: The English language has its special stock of words that stand for everything. nitpick(挑虱子—挑 剔） grasp（抓—领会） allergic alibi 87 % Generalization of meaning is also found in many technical terms, which are confined to specialized use. (original) too sensitive to medicine 患过敏症的 (present) averse or disinclined to 反感的；厌恶的 (original) a legal term signifying “the plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed” (被告人不在犯罪现场的证明) (present) excuse (借口) From technical terms to general words 第 三 章 节 d is a nz h a n gj i e From proper nouns to common nouns Many proper nouns including person names, place-names, etc. have become common nouns used in everyday life. •Sandwich: • It now denotes a popular fast food. • It originates from John Montague, Fourth earl of Sandwich in 18th –century, England. He was so fond of gambling that he often forgot his meals. He often ordered slices of bread with thick pieces of roast beef stuffed between them brought to him so he could eat while playing. Later, people used his name to refer to all similar food. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow or specialized sense. 凡是词义词义 从普 遍的意义缩义缩 小为为特定的意义义，结结果使新义义从指“类类” 的概念缩缩小为为指“钟钟”的概念，这这称为词义为词义 的缩缩小（ the narrowing or restriction of meaning）,也叫做词义词义 的特殊化（the specialization of meaning）. 2、词义的缩小 For economy, some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original, usually an adjective, is left to retain the meaning of the whole. Such adjectives have thus taken on specialized meanings. a general = a general officer an editorial = an editorial article Some material nouns are used to refer to objects made of them and thus have a more specific sense. glass a cup-like container or a mirror iron device for smoothing clothes There are four kinds of narrowing of meaning: From general to specific From abstract to concrete From common nouns to proper nouns From general words to technical terms E.g. E.g. E.g. E.g. meat , starvemeat , starvemeat , starvemeat , starve E.g. catch, roomE.g. catch, roomE.g. catch, roomE.g. catch, room E. g .city , cape E. g .city , cape E. g .city , cape E. g .city , cape E.g. E.g. E.g. E.g. clear , acquisitionclear , acquisitionclear , acquisitionclear , acquisition Examples Original meaningNarrowing meaning meatfoodflesh of animals starveto die to die of hunger wifewoman married woman accidenteventunfortunate event diseasediscomfort illness corngraina particular grain girlyoung people young people of female sex fowlany birdwater fowl ;sea fowl nice Øignorant → foolish → delightful, pleasant fond Øfoolish → foolishly doing → loving → affectionate governor Østeersman→ a person in charge of a particular political unit marshal Øa servant who look after mares→ a high ranking army officer knight Ø boy→ servant → military servant or follower of king or nobleman → member of the lower nobility Elevation of meaning 词义的升格 Degradation of Meaning 词义的降格 ØIt is a process by which words with appreciatory or neutral affective meaning fall into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense. silly lblessed , happy → innocent ,harmless→ simple or simple-minded → foolish, imbecile sad lsatisfied, contented → calm → serious → sorrowful Euphemism 委婉语 ugarbage collector—sanitation engineer ugardener—landscape architect uI used to think I was poor. Then they told me I wasn’t poor, I was needy, I was deprived. Then they told me underprivileged was over used. I was disadvantaged. I still don’t have a dime. But I have a great vocabulary. uold [person]—seasoned(老练的), well-preserved(保养得很好的), advanced in age(年岁上先行的), past their prime(已过壮年的), senior citizen(资深的公民), an elder statesman(政界元老), the longer living(生活 经历较长者) . Lexical revivals 新义的诞生 Ø IT vocabulary: a virtual library, virtual shopping, visit a website, counter, hit, icon, open, chat, stream, mail, compress, attachment, crack, burn, infected. Ø bar：raise the bar for approving new drugs（标准） Øbomb：drop a bomb with her resignation（极大的震动） Øcorridor：industrial corridor（地带） Øserious：make serious money (挣大钱); serious drinking (酗酒) Øbreeze (轻易地通过考试)。