国情与文化资料new.doc

NO.1 文化与国情3、4题复习资料The Comparison Between Confucianism and TaoismSimilarities1、They both emphasize De德.They both pursue harmony and peace.2、Both of them advocate following the nature.Though Confucianists believe that people are born with intuition直觉, ren, yi, li comes from the intuition.Just follow the way everything goes.3、Both of them advocate self-cultivation 修身and to promote personality . They emphasize that people can’t give up one’s own pursuit on the morals because of disappointment on the hardship in life and in political career. People should stick to the morality no matter what happens. 4、They reach the same goal. It is the common ideal to pursue the truth, righteousness正义 and virtues美德. 5、Confucianism and Taoism both are indigenous本土的 to China. 6、They were both unacceptable by the rulers in that Discord Times战乱时期. Differences1、Confucianism pursues solemn, pompous gravity and burden of social responsibilities. Taoism advocates a carefree flight from the respectability体面 and conventional duties of society.2、Confucianists were concerned about human and mundane affairs俗事, and tried to find the secrets of life in men and their better relationships. Taoists held out a version of another, transcendental超自然的 world of spirit, and turned to nature for the secrets of life.3、Confucian classics are often prosaic乏味的 and dull, moralistic说教的 and commonsensical强调基本常识的. The early Taoist writings are all wit and paradox怪论, mysticism神秘主义 and poetic vision. 4、Confucianism is practised by officials and scholars, trying to be good family men, conscientious officials and sober, responsible citizens. Taoism is pursued by them in their private chambers or mountain retreats, seeking to get rid of the cares of official life and the agonies in social experience.5、Confusianism emphasizes realizing self -value,while Taoism teaches people to live with nature hamoniously and be away with too much troubles about the society.Just live yourself in nature.NO.2-------------------------The Modern Education in ChinaThe problems of the modern education in China:First of all, there is a serious unfairness under the seemingly education fairness. The possession of education resources in developed areas and urban areas is far superior to those developing areas and rural areas.Restricting students’ enthusiasm. Most students do not want to open their minds, so most students lack of creativity. No practice. All of the knowledge is from the textbooks and spoken by the teachers, but do not apply in the real life.Heavy study stress. Since students have started their primary school, they must learn many subjects. Moreover, students face more stress in primary school than in college.Exam-oriented education （应试教育）What teachers teach students is just according to the testing requirements.Spoon-fed education （填鸭式教育）Teachers are just telling students “what”, but do not explain “why” , and then ask students to memorize.Teachers measure students' level just according to the students' test scores. The suggestions of the modern education in China:In order to stimulate students' enthusiasm, schools should set up some creative courses, such as handicraft class. Or open more creative topics for students to apply and do some related research.To design more outdoor activities, which can let students practice more.Schools should encourage their students to do more practice in real life instead of doing the heavy homework only.Teachers should change the teaching model.Schools can cooperate with the enterprises, set up some practice activities during the summer and winter holidays. This is also a good way to solve the issue of the internship of students.NO.3----------------Compared the IES with the college entrance examination Similarities(1) select the talented to serve for the country(2) examination- oriented , students’ lack in creativity (3) fair superficially, actually unfair(4) top ones can win the reputation (5) motivate the learners to acquire the knowledge(6) foster students’ competitive awarenessDifferences(1) The purposes are different . IES is influenced by politics , while the college entrance examination is not.(2) The period of the exams. IES: once every 3 years CEE: once a year(3) Demands are different IES: the exam content is the Four Books and Five classics CEE: the exam content is arts and sciences(4) The status of IES is higher than the college entrance examination(5) Achievements IES: to be an official CEE: to enter the university(6) Sex demand IES: limited to male CEE: female and male (7) The college entrance examination is much more fair than IES.(8) The college entrance examination has regional discrimination, but IES doesn’t have.NO.4----------Imperial Examination System Positiv。