
高考英语复习:名词.ppt
43页高考英语复习:名词课件高考英语复习:名词课件1v【考情分析】v名词在高考中的考查重点:名词在高考中的考查重点:v1.名词词义辨析v2.名词的数v3.名词作定语v4. 名词所有格v5. 抽象名词具体化v6. 名词与冠词的结合2v一、名词的单复数v1.可数名词复数的规则变化v可数名词复数的构成,通常是在单数形式后面加-s或-es,其规则如下:构成方法例词一般情况在词尾加-scat—cats girl—girlspage—pages以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词在词尾加-esbus—buses box—boxeswatch—watchesbrush—brushes3构成方法例词以y结尾的专有名词或“元音字母+y”结尾的名词变复数时,直接在词尾加-stwo Marysthree Henrysmonkey—monkeysholiday—holidaysboy—boys以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,把y变成i加-esbaby—babiescity—citiesfactory—factoriesstory—stories4构成方法例词以“辅音字母+o”结尾的词,在词尾加-estomato—tomatoeshero—heroespotato—potatoes但有例外:photo—photospiano—pianos以“元音字母+o”结尾的词在词尾加-sradio—radioszoo—zoos5以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f或fe为v加-esknife—knives wife—wiveshalf—halves leaf—leaves但仍有例外:belief—beliefs roof—roofshandkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves6v◆链接v名词的分类v名词v◆拓展v因为汉语中没有名词的单复数形式变化,所以英语中名词的单复数也就成了易错点。
如以下两个典型错误:v①你有词典吗?vDo you have dictionary?v②他悲伤地摇了摇头vHe shook head sadly.7v一般情况下,英语中的可数名词在句子中出现时,要么用复数形式,要么在其前面加冠词或限定词因此以上两句可以表达为:v①Do you have a dictionary?v②He shook his head sadly.8v◆牢记v单复数形式意义不同的名词:vexperience经验 experiences经历vmanner方式 manners礼貌vcustom风俗 customs海关vwork工作 works著作,工厂vwood木材 woods树林vsand沙子 sands沙滩vpaper纸张 papers报纸,论文,试卷vglass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼镜9v2.可数名词复数的不规则变化v有些名词的复数属于不规则变化,需要考生在平时的学习中逐一记忆:child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, phenomenon—phenomena, ox—oxen, mouse—mice, man—men, woman—women等。
10v3.总是表示复数意义的名词v集体名词people, police, cattle总是表示复数意义,不能说a people, a police, a cattle,但可以说a person, a policeman, a head of cattlevThe police are searching for the stolen boy.vThe cattle are feeding on the grassland.v◆链接v有些名词只用复数形式:trousers, congratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings11v4.单复数同形的名词v有些名词的复数形式同原形这些名词有:deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(亩), means(方式,方法)等vAll possible means have been tried.vEvery possible means has been tried.v◆点拨v对于单复数同形的名词,一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式),来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。
12v典例 (·西安第三次质检,14) Every possible means ________, but it seems that nothing will prevent the situation from getting worse.vA. has tried B. have triedvC. has been tried D. have been triedv解析:C考查语态和主谓一致句意:每一个可能的方法都已经被尝试过了,但是看起来什么也不能阻止局势的恶化由句意可知,应该用被动语态;means单复数同形,但是可以从every可知,应该是单数;所以答案选C13v◆链接v“某国人”的复数形式:v①以-ese结尾的,单复同形,如:Chinese, Japanesev②以man结尾的,变man为men,如:Englishman—Englishmen但“德国人”例外:German—Germansv③其他的,直接加-s,如:Russians, Canadians, Americans14v5.合成名词的复数v①把主体名词变成复数,如:lookers-on, editors-in-chief(总编辑), fathers-in-law(岳父)。
v②没有主体名词时,在词尾加-s,如:grown-ups(成年人), go-betweens(中间人)15v二、名词间的相互转化v1.物质名词转化为可数名词v物质名词一般为不可数名词,但有些物质名词可以转化为可数名词v(1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时,是可数的如:vThe bridge is made of stone.(不可数)vThe bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可数)v(2)当物质名词表示份数时,是可数的如:vTea is very good for our health.vTwo teas, please.请来两杯茶16v2.抽象名词具体化v抽象名词一般是不可数名词,但在下列情况下可转化为可数名词:v(1)表示具体的人或事请比较:vFailure is the mother of success.(success表示抽象概念)vThe meeting was a great success.(success表示具体的事情)17v典例 (安徽名校联考,21)One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain ________ good knowledge of basic word formation.vA.不填 B.thevC.a D.onev解析:C。
knowledge本为不可数名词,但当它被形容词修饰时,就具体化了,此时其前应加a/an,意为“对……的了解;有……方面的知识”所以答案为C项18v(2)表示“一种”、“一场”、“一阵”、“(动作)一次”等请比较:vWe had plenty of rain last years.v去年我们这个地区雨量丰沛rain指“雨水”,不可数)vWhat a heavy rain!多么大的一场雨啊!v◆警示v在特定的语境中,有些不可数名词也可以转化为可数名词,这就需要考生区别对待19v三、名词作定语v名词作定语,即用一个名词修饰另外一个名词,主要用来说明被修饰名词的:v1.物质构成,如:steel bridge, paper money;v2.用途,如:coffee cup, fire escape;v3.时间,如:evening paper;v4.地点,如:city life, country life, country music;v5.种类,如:office work;v6.内容,如:body language, film industry20v◆警示v名词作定语,第一个名词一般用单数,但也有例外,如:vsports shoes运动鞋vstudents reading room学生阅览室21v四、名词所有格v英语名词所有格有两种:’s所有格和of所有格。
v1.’s所有格的构成v(1)通常在单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词的词尾加’s,如:Jack’s books, Children’s Day, the boy’s bag, men’s room, Tom’s dog, my brother’s books, sheep’s skin22v(2)以-s结尾的复数名词,在词尾加’,如:the students’ booksv(3)作为一个整体的词组,一般在最后一个词的词尾加’s,如:an hour and a half’s walk(步行一个半小时的路程);a month or two’s absence(一两个月的缺席)v(4)以and连接的两个名词,表示共同所有时,在最后一个词的词尾加’s,如:Kate and Mary's father (Kate和Mary是姐妹俩);表示分别所有时,在每个名词后分别加's,如:Kate's father and Mary's father (Kate和Mary不是姐妹俩)23v典例 (江西)The ________shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into ________car.vA. girl’s; Tom’s B. girls’; Toms’vC. girls’; Tom’s D. girl’s; Toms’24v解析:C。
句意:这些女孩的鞋子满是泥,所以我让她们把鞋脱下来再上汤姆的车由句中的them判断girl用复数形式girls,其所有格作定语直接在词尾加“'”;专有名词Tom的所有格是Tom's,故选C25v◆链接v不定代词后接else时,其所有格放在else之后如:somebody else's bag, somebody else's booksv2.'s所有格的用法v(1)常表示有生命的东西如:Tom's birthday, the dog's ownerv(2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等如:26v①时间:a day's work(一天的工作),today's newspaper;v②距离:twenty minutes’ ride, five minutes’ walk, a mile’s distance;v③天体:the sun’s heat, the moon’s surface;v④度量衡与货币价值:ten dollars’ worth, twenty pounds’ weight;v⑤国家、城市等:China’s industry, the city’s development, the government’s plan, China’s development。
27v(3)表示某人的家或店铺如:at the doctor's在诊所,the tailor’s裁缝铺,the barber’s理发店,at my uncle’s在我叔叔家v3.of所有格的构成vthe+所有物+of+(this, that,. the, my/their...)+无生命之物28v4.of所有格的用法vof所有格主要用于无生命的事物,也可以用于有生命的事物如:the window of the house; a map of Japan; the name of the girl standing at the gatevDoes anyone know the title of the novel?vThey have the support of people of the developing countries.29v◆链接vof所有格还可以表示:v①同位关系,如:the city of Zhengzhou, the month of Mayv②动宾关系,如:the love of one's countryv③名词本身带有后置的修饰语或带有“the+形容词”(其表示一类人)时,其所有格用of介词短语。
如:the housing problem of the poor; the skills of the workers who have been well trained30v5.双重所有格v(1)双重所有格的构成:双重所有格即“of+'s结构”v(2)双重所有格的用法:表示整体中的一个或部分,用于修饰of前面的名词如:a friend of my brother's; this book of the professor's; this lovely baby of my aunt'svDo you know any friend of my husband's?31v典例 (江南十校联考,32)—Pardon?Who will come?v—________.vA. The friend of Mr. Green'svB. A friend of a teacher'svC. The aunt of Tom's vD. A cousin of my father's32v解析:D考查名词所有格的表达方式双重所有格中,带有's的名词必须是明确限定的指人的名词,同时of前面的名词必须不确指,故A、B、C三项错误,D项正确。
33v五、具体语境中名词的选择v具体语境中名词的选择是高考考查的重点之一解题的关键是利用好关键信息,分析语境,使填入的名词符合语境要求v◆探究v知己知彼,才能百战不殆要解决好这类问题,必须明确命题思路高考考查的角度有以下几种:34v①纯语境类:给出语境,让考生判断符合题意的名词v②具体语境中名词词义的辨析v③利用一词多义来设置题目v④具体语境中的词组搭配35v【2012湖北卷】29. It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any ________.vA. symptom B. similarity vC. sample D. shadow真题链接真题链接36v29. A【命题立意】考查名词辨析难度中等v【解题思路】句意为:定期检查眼睛看看是否有眼疾症状很重要A项意为“症状”,符合句意;B项意为“类似”,C项意为“样本”,D项意为“阴影”,都与语意不符37v【2012江苏卷】21.— Can I help you with it?v— I appreciate your, but I can manage it myself.vA. advice B. questionC. offer D. ideav21. 【考点】名词词义辨析v【答案】C【解析】句意为:——我可以帮你吗?——我感激你的提议 “offer”,但我自己能设法做的。
offer意为“提议”,符合题意A意为“建议,劝告”;B意为“问题”;D意为“想法,主意”难度】一般38v【2012四川卷】15. He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. It’s just a matter of _____.vA. luck B. value C. time D. factv15.【答案与解析】 C 本题考查名词辨析句意为:他迟早会渐渐理解你付出的努力的这只是个时间的问题根据句意选C39v【2012全国II】19. The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great ______ in this city.vA. quantity B. progress C. production D. demandv【答案】D40v【解析】此处quantity数量;progress进步; production生产;demand要求这里be in great demand意为:需求量很大,畅销。
句意:《哈利波特》很受欢迎;在这个城市有很大的需求量v【考点定位】考查名词词义辨析41v名词的复习方法:v熟记近义名词的辨析v熟记常见的不可数名词, 单复数同形的名词, 集合名词, 如:advice, furniture, police, cattle;family, audience等等v掌握名词的抽象化和具体化v掌握名词的所有格形式v注意(复合)名词作定语v熟记名词与动词的固定搭配使用4243。
