第3节 单词及句子层面的语音知识- 初高英语衔接.docx

第三节 单词及句子层面的语音知识一、音素总结元音单元音长元音[i:] [u:] [ɔ:] [a:] [ə:] 短元音[i] [u] [ɔ] [] [ə] [e] []双元音[ei] [ai] [au] [əu] [ɔi] [iə] [eə] [uə]辅音清辅音[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [] [t] [tr] [ts] [h] 浊辅音[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [] [ʒ] [dʒ] [dr] [dz] [m] [n] [ŋ] [l] [r] 半元音[w] [j]二、单词层语音及拼写1. 同音异形词 有些单词发音相同，但拼写不同by/buyheal/heelI/eyemeet/meatflour/flowerhere/hearknew/newnight/knightfor/fourhour/ourmail/male…2. 同形异音词有些单词有不同词性的用法，拼写不变，但发音有变化①动词、名词拼写相同，读音不同单词重音一般遵循名前动后名 词动 词increase [’inkri:s] 增加increase [in’kri:s] 增加decrease [’di:kri:s] 减少decrease [di’kri:s] 减少conduct [‘kɔndʌkt] 进行；实施；指挥(乐队) ；导电conduct [kən’dʌkt] 行为；实施record [’rekɔ:d] 记录；唱片record [re’kɔ:d] 记录；记载；录音transport [’trnspɔːt] 交通工具；交通运输transport [trn’spɔːt] （用交通工具）运输wind [wind] 风wind [waind] 蜿蜒；缠绕②其他名词形容词live [liv] 居住；生存live [laiv] 活的；现场直播的3. 多音节词的构成①合成词两个（或偶尔三个）单词合成为一个单词。

重音一般在第一个单词上新单词的含义一般为两个单词的叠加（有例外，如butterfly）合成方法常见三种：直接合成，中间有空格，或加上连字符afternooncoal minemother-in-lawairplanefire enginemerry-go-roundanybodyhigh schoolpasser-bybackgroundpolar bear②前缀 前缀常改变单词的词义（有时也可改变词性）以下为出现频率较高的前20个前缀及其含义 10 / 10RankPrefixMeaning%Example1unnot26unfair2reagain14review3in, im, ir, ilnot11inaccessible4disnot7discourage5en, emcause to4enlarge6nonnot4nonsense7in, imin or into4import8overtoo much3overdo9miswrongly3mistake10subunder3submarine11prebefore3preview12interbetween, among3international13forebefore3forecast14deopposite of2decode15transacross2transport16superabove1supervision17semihalf1semicircle18antiagainst1antiwar19midmiddle1midnight20undertoo little1underline③后缀 后缀常改变单词的词性。

以下为出现频率较高的前20个后缀及其含义RankSuffixMeaning%Example1s, esplurals31apples2d, edpast-tense verbs20died3ingverb form/present participle14crying4lycharacteristic of7beautifully5er, orperson connected with4survivor6ion, tionact, process4organization7able, iblecan be done2accessible8al, ialhaving characteristics of1national9ycharacterized by1windy10nessstate of, condition of1happiness11ity, tystate of1nationality12mentaction or process1movement13ichaving characteristics of1scientific14ous, eous, iouspossessing the qualities of1courageous15enmade of1golden16ercomparative1kinder17ive, ative, itiveadjective form of a noun1native18fulfull of1hopeful19lesswithout1hopeless20estcomparative1kindest※ s构成名词复数、动词一般现在时、第三人称单数时，在清辅音后读/s/，如 helps, asks；在元音、浊辅音后读/z，如 knives, shows, plans。

※ 词尾-ed的读音：清辅音后发/t/ asked, missed, hope元音、浊辅音后发/d/ changed, played, wondered/t/、d/后发/id/ wanted, added, regarded三、句子语音1. 句子重音Sentence stress句子中有两种词汇：实义词（content words）和功能词（function words）实义词通常包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等，传达文本内容中的重要信息功能词包括助动词、介词、冠词、连词和代词等，把文本中的重要信息连接起来一般来说，功能词不需要重读，而实义词则需要重读如下句中，加粗下划线的词为实义词，需要重读：The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow.不过，某些情况下，为了表达特定的意义，一些通常无需重读的词也会出现重读例如：Carla invited ME to her party. (not YOU)Carla invited me to HER party. (not YOUR party)2. 意群的停顿一个稍长的句子可分成具有一定意义的若干个小段，每一小段称为一个意群（sense group）。

同一意群中词与词紧密相关、密不可外，构成相对完整的意义当然，意群的界限是相对的，一个句子可以是一个大意群，也可分为若干个小意群停顿是在意群之间进行的，是在说话或朗读时根据语意、语速的需要而自然产生的一种语音现象在同一意群的各个词之间不能停顿，而应一口气读完使得整体意思不中断，让人能完整地理解说话人的意图停顿错误会影响句子意思的正确表达和理解No one really knows exactly | when the first people arrived | in what we now know as California. || It is likely | that Native Americans moved to California | at least fifteen thousand years ago. || Scientists believe | that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait | by a land bridge | which existed in prehistoric times. || In the 16th century, | the native people suffered greatly | after the arrival of the Europeans. || Thousands of them were killed or forced into slavery. || In addition, | many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. || However, | some survived these terrible times, | and today there are more Native Americans living in California | than in any other state of America.3. 语调Intonation语调即说话的腔调，就是一句话中声调高低抑扬轻重的变化。

同一句话用不同的语调会表达不同的意思英语中的语调主要有升调（↗）和降调（↘）①陈述句、特殊疑问句、感叹句及表示命令的祈使句多使用降调如：This is my ↘room. Sit ↘down. ②一般疑问句、表示请求的祈使句等多使用升调如：Are you a ↗student? ③关于附加疑问句，其陈述部分一般用降调，而疑问部分即可用升调也可用降调，但含义不同通常情况下，用升调时，多表示疑问或请求，提问者本身并不知道问题的答案；用降调时，多表示求证或希望对方同意，提问者本身知道问题的答案如：The school team have won the gold medal, ↗haven’t they? The school team have won the gold medal, ↘haven’t they? 此外，升调（↗）常用的情况汇总如下：1. 用于一般疑问句Have you read this ↗book? Do you like the ↗movie? 2. 用于选择疑问旬的前半部分Does he speak ↗English or ↘French?Would you like 。