新托福TPO26阅读原文及译文(三)
4页1、 新托福 TPO26 阅读原文( 三):苏美尔与古代近东的第一个城邦TPO26-3:Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near EastThe earliest of the city states of the ancient Near East appeared at the southern end of the Mesopotamian plain, the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. It was here that the civilization known as Sumer emerged in its earliest form in the fifth millennium. At first sight, the plain did not appear to be a likely home for a civilization. There were few natural resources, no tim
2、ber, stone, or metals. Rainfall was limited, and what water there was rushed across the plain in the annual flood of melted snow. As the plain fell only 20 meters in 500 kilometers, the beds of the rivers shifted constantly. It was this that made the organization of irrigation, particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water, essential. Once this was done and the silt carried down by the rivers was planted, the rewards were rich: four to five times what rain-fed earth would
3、 produce. It was these conditions that allowed an elite to emerge, probably as an organizing class, and to sustain itself through the control of surplus crops.It is difficult to isolate the factors that led to the next developmentthe emergence of urban settlements. The earliest, that of Eridu, about 4500 B.C.E., and Uruk, a thousand years later, center on impressive temple complexes built of mud brick. In some way, the elite had associated themselves with the power of the gods. Uruk, for instanc
4、e, had two patron godsAnu, the god of the sky and sovereign of all other gods, and Inanna, a goddess of love and warand there were others, patrons of different cities. Human beings were at their mercy. The biblical story of the Flood may originate in Sumer. In the earliest version, the gods destroy the human race because its clamor had been so disturbing to them.It used to be believed that before 3000 B.C.E. the political and economic life of the cities was centered on their temples, but it now
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