languagechange

1、Language Change,语言的变迁,2,Introduction,Language change is one of the subjects of historical linguistics, which studies the language change and language relationships.Diachronic linguistics (历时语言学): the study of language changes through timesSynchronic linguistics (共时语言学): the study of language at some certain point of time,3,4,Origin of human language,The divine-origin theory: language is the gift from God to mankind. The invention theory: the imitation of natural sound the cries of pain, fear, su

2、rprise, pleasure, etc.the gesturesThe evolutionary theory: the complexity of human brains and the nervous system,5,English History Overview,0-400 AD Roman Empire 450 1100 Old English 499-550 AD Germanic tribes defeat Celts: English ancestors (Angle/Saxon/Jutes) spoke different dialects of Low German & some borrowings from Latin ca. 600 AD England converted to Christianity: Latin influence 750 AD Beowulf, one of earliest extant texts ca 850-901 Alfred the Great (Norse influence),6,Beowulf,The ima

3、ge above contains the first line and half of Beowulf from the first leaf of the manuscript: HWT WE GARDE na in gear dagum eod cyninga,“What! We Spear-Danes in yore-days tribe-kings” Because there were sounds in Old English (600-1100 AD) that were not thought to be represented by the Roman alphabet, Old English used runic characters for those sounds. The runes were “asc“ (pronounced “ash“) (), “eth“ (), “thorn“ (), and “wen“ (looks similar to a “p“ but with a smaller curved bow).,7,English Histor

4、y Overview,Middle English: 1066 AD Norman Conquest: French influence 1200 AD Normandy and England are separated 13th-14th c. Growing sense of Englishness 1340-1450 Chaucer,8,English History Overview,1450-1700 Early Modern English 1476 First English book printed 1564-1616 Shakespeare (Greek and Latin borrowings) 16th-19th c. Imperialism (Swahili, Hindi, Tamil, Chinese, etc. via the colonies) 1700-Present Modern English,9,Sound change,Old English: Six simple vowels: a, , i, o, u, yTwo diphthongs:

5、ea, eo. a is pronounced , as in Modern English father. E.g: macian make. is pronounced , as in Modern English cat. E.g.:rdan read. e is pronounced e, as in Modern English fate. E.g.: Helpan help . i is pronounced i, as in Modern English feet. E.g.: lf life.,10,Sound change,u is pronounced u, as in Modern English tool. E.g.: fl foul. o is pronounced o, as in Modern English boat. E.g.:God God. y is pronounced y, like the in German ber or Fe. E.g.: Cyning king .,11,Sound change,The diphthong /au/ w

6、as pronounced as the long vowel /u:/ in Middle English time e.g. mus /mu:s/ mouse /maus/hus /hu:s/ house /haus/ut /u:t/ out /aut/,12,Sound change,Most Old English consonants are pronounced as in Modern English. No silent consonants because every letter was pronounced. Old English cniht (Modern English: knight) Most Old English letters were taken from the Roman alphabet.,13,Sound change,14,Old English sound sample: LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped,

7、 we have heard, and what honor the athelings won! http:/www.engl.virginia.edu/OE/Beowulf.Readings/Prologue.html,15,Morphology changes,Morphology change can be seen in derivation e.g. didst didhath hasspeakest speakssayd saidsaith sayssprung sprang,16,Morphology changes,The plural forms of nouns have also changed. e.g. seed seeds instead of seedesway ways wayesIn Old English, causative verbs could be formed by adding the suffix yuan to adjectives. e.g. red red-yuan redden,17,Morphology changes,In

8、 Old English new nouns could be formed by adding ing e.g. roof roofingcarpet carpetingfloor flooring,18,Syntactic change,The English speakers today no longer use the fifteenth centurys double comparative, such as “more gladder”, “more lower”, “ moost royallest” In Old English negation was expressed by particles such as “ne” and “na”. At the time of Shakespeare, negation was expressed by putting “not” at the end of the sentence, such as “I saw you not”.,19,Syntactic change,Auxiliary Verbs versus

9、Main VerbsMiddle English didnt make a distinction between Auxiliary Verbs and Main Verbs.e.g. Revolt our subjects? (Do our subjects revolt)Give not him money. (Dont give him money),20,Vocabulary change,Addition of new words 新词的增加a) Coinage新造词、创新词Examples:Discman, Mp3, MD, MP4 Kodak: a brand of film, camera, Digital cameraXerox: photocopier 施乐牌复印机Polaroid: “宝丽来” (一次成像的照相机)Ford福特 (a brand of a car), Benz奔驰, Toyoda, Toshiba, Haier， BMW宝马,21,Addition of new words,b) Clipped words缩略词Fax: facsimileTel: telephoneAdd: address bike :bicycle,22,Addition of new words,c) Blending 紧缩法 telecom: telecommunications maglev train: magnetic levitation磁悬浮列车 Chunnel: channel tunnel Smog: smoke + fog Motel: motor + hotel Camcorder:camera + recorder,

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