A330飞机研讨课件：如何防止擦尾.ppt

如何防止擦尾如何防止擦尾 TAIL STRIKE PRESENTATION TAIL STRIKE PRESENTATION 2/24题目 统计数字 Statistics 最常见的根本原因Most Common Root Causes A319/A320/A321几何限制A319/A320/A321 Geometry Limits 可能的改进Possible Improvement 建议及程序Recommendations And Procedures 结论Conclusion3/24擦尾录像Tail Strike Video观看录像 “起飞擦尾”See video “Tail strike at takeoff”4/24统计数字Statistics A320A320: 每百万架次4次 4 per million flightsA321A321: 每百万架次15次15 per million flights5/24统计数字Statistics6/24最常见的根本原因Most Common Root Causes7/24最常见的根本原因Most Common Root Causes系统Systems 使用俯仰指引不正确或抬头过猛Improper use or aggressive rotation into FD pitch bar 理解俯仰速率指令错误Wrongly interpreted as pitch rate command 安定面配平设置不正确Improper Stabilizer trim setting 机头上仰过大Excessive nose up 减震支柱压缩不正确Improper shock absorber servicing载荷Loading 重心太靠后Excessive aft CG 抬轮计算错误Vr computation error起飞Take off 抬头过早Premature rotation 抬头率过大过快Excessive / increased rotation rate 抬头过量Over-rotation 抬头时横滚操纵较大Rotation with large roll input多数情况下，原因不止一个！多数情况下，原因不止一个！Most of the time, more than one cause is involved!Most of the time, more than one cause is involved!8/24最常见的根本原因Most Common Root Causes 着陆Landing 不稳定进近Unstable approach 离地1000英尺还没有完全建立稳定进近Not fully established by 1000 ft/AGL 校准机动过迟或突然Late or abrupt alignment maneuvers 推力/俯仰变化较大Large Thrust / Pitch variations 拉平速度过大或不足Arrive in flare with excessive or insufficient speed 接地下沉率大且速度小High sink rate close to the ground and low speed 进近时遇有侧风/颠簸/风切变/下冲气流Cross-wind / Turbulence / Wind shear / Downburst on approach 飞机惯性Aircraft inertia 减震支柱压缩不正确Improper shock absorber servicing9/24最常见的根本原因Most Common Root Causes 着陆Landing 拉平/着陆技术Flare / Landing technique 拉平起始高度不正确Improper flare initiation height 接地下沉率大导致跳跃Excessive sink rate close to the ground leading to bounce 慢车过早或减推力过迟Too early Idle Thrust or too late Thrust reduction 不受控减小速度造成俯仰姿态较大Uncontrolled speed decay resulting in higher pitch attitude 拉平过早/过长导致速度大幅减小Early / Long flare leading to significant speed decay 拉平带杆过长或长时间平飘Prolonged hold off or long float during flare 不受控的大俯仰率接地Uncontrolled significant pitch rate at touch down 制止抬头控制不好Poorly controlled de-rotation 接地后举着前轮Nose gear kept high after touchdown10/24多数情况下，原因不止一个！多数情况下，原因不止一个！Most of the time, more than one cause is involved!Most of the time, more than one cause is involved!最常见的根本原因Most Common Root Causes 着陆Landing 跳跃Bounce 俯仰操纵Pitch control 带俯仰率接地Pitch rate not stopped after touchdown 机头上仰过大的改出Excessive nose up order for recovery 地面扰流板伸出的影响Effect of Ground spoilers deployment 机头额外上仰 Additional nose up 试图柔和二次接地Attempt to smoothen the second touchdown11/24最常见的根本原因Most Common Root Causes 落地连续/复飞（训练）Touch & Go / GA (Training) 抬头过早Premature rotation 抬头过大过快Excessive or increasing rotation rate 落地连续/复飞抬头过大Over rotation during Touch & Go / GA 跳跃改出Recovery from bounce12/24A319/A320/A321 几何学限制A319/A320/A321 Geometry Limits离地裕度Ground Clearance俯仰姿态Pitch Attitude主起落架减震支柱位置Main GearOleo PositionA319A320A321完全伸出Fully Extended15.513.511.2完全压缩Fully Compressed13.911.79.713/24起飞时抬头过大或俯仰率过大Over rotation or excessive pitch rate at take-off抬头技术很重要Rotation technique is important开始柔和抬头后避免增加俯仰率Avoid increasing the pitch rate, after the initial smooth rotation机尾离地余度足够Tail clearance margin is adequateA319/A320/A321 几何学限制A319/A320/A321 Geometry Limits飞机型号Aircraft抬轮速度Rotation Speed离地角度Pitch at lift-offA319VR 10 kts, 2 engines12.5VR 5 kts, 1 Engine out12.8A320VR 10 kts, 2 engines9.5VR 5 kts, 1 Engine out9.0A321VR 10 kts, 2 engines8.5VR 5 kts, 1 Engine out9.014/24刚刚离地后的离地裕度最小Minimum ground clearance just after lift-off选择形态2起飞离地裕度最佳Conf 2 results in best ground clearance for take off离地后再跟指引FD intended to be used after lift-off观看录像 “起飞擦尾 2”See video “Tailstrike at takeoff 2”A319/A320/A321 几何限制A319/A320/A321 Geometry Limits15/24接地时的离地裕度Clearance at touchdown注：拉平时速度一般减小8ktsNote: 8kts speed decay is typical during flare.A319/A320/A321几何限制A319/A320/A321 Geometry Limits机型Aircraft接地时几何限制Geometry limit at touchdown接地时俯仰姿态Pitch attitude at touchdown (Vapp - 8)离地裕度ClearanceA31915.57.77.8A32013.57.65.9A32111.26.64.616/24 拉平技术Flare technique 机尾离地裕度与俯仰姿态有直接关系Tail clearance is directly related to pitch attitude 采用以下方法获得较好接地速度：A good touchdown speed is obtained with: 起始拉平高度保持VappVapp at flare initiation height 稳定的俯仰和飞行轨迹Stabilized pitch and flight path 正确的减推力Proper thrust reduction 侧杆横向最小操纵Minimum lateral side stick inputs观看录像 “着陆擦尾”See video “Tailstrike at landing”A319/A320/A321 几何限制A319/A320/A321 Geometry Limits17/24可能的改进Possible Improvement 培训Training 加强俯仰姿态意识Enhancement of Pitch attitude awareness起飞Take-off18/24可能的改进Possible Improvement 培训Training 加强俯仰姿态意识Enhancement of Pitch attitude awareness 起飞和着陆简令中增加擦尾警示内容Include tail strike awareness in take-off and landing briefing19/24着陆Landing可能的改进Possible Improvement 培训Training 加强PMF在起飞和着陆俯仰姿态过大时的专门喊话Reinforcement of PMF specific call outs for excessive pitch attitude on take off and landing20/24可能的改进Possible Improvement 培训Training 加强俯仰姿态意识Enhancement of Pitch attitude awareness 在起飞和着陆简令中增加擦尾警示内容Include tail strike awareness in take-off and landing briefing 加强PMF在起飞和着。