高一英语寒假冠词、代词、形容词、副词精讲人教知识精讲.doc

高一英语寒假专题—冠词、代词、形容词、副词精讲人教版【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：寒假专题一 ——冠词、代词、形容词、副词精讲一. 冠词：（the，a, an）冠词是英语中最典型、最基本的限定词是用来修饰限定名词的离开名词，冠词就没有任何意义了 根据名词所指的概念，可分为专有名词（如：China, London）和普通名词（如：dog, water, success） 按照名词数的特征可将名词划分为可数名词和不可数名词 冠词的用法庞杂，关键是弄清句子中的单数名词，复数名词或不可数名词；弄清泛指，特指，类指等概念1. 泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物用法：①（可数名词单数）：a \ an +n. ② （复数名词\不可数名词）：零冠词→ A tiger is sleeping in the cage. 一只老虎在笼子里睡觉→ I saw tigers in the cage. 我看见笼子里有（几只）老虎→ There is water in my cup. 我的杯里有水 2. 特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定意义的人或事物；也可指说话者双方心目中所默认的或特指的人或事物。

用法：① the +单数可数名词 ② the + 复数可数名词 \ 不可数名词→ There is a tiger in the cage. The tiger will be sold abroad. → Please give me the books on the desk.→ The water in my cup is boiled.3. 类指是指具有共同性质、典型特征的一个类别：用法：① a \ an + 单数名词 ②the + 单数名词 ③零冠词+复数名词→ The car goes faster than the bike. A car goes faster than a bike. 汽车比自行车跑得快 Dogs are faithful animals. 狗是忠实的动物细微区别：（1）the + 单数名词，指的是整个类别，这个类别是可以区别于另一个类别的如：The dog is a faithful animal. 狗是忠实的动物2）a \ an + 单数名词，侧重于指类别中任何一个的特点如：A car goes faster than a bike. 注：在类指时如何使用冠词要根据所表达内容的具体情况而定。

如：The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.虎有濒临灭绝的危险不能说：A tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.（濒临灭绝指的是整个虎类，而不是任何一只老虎都面临灭绝的危险 ）但是：The car goes faster than the bike. 此句还可写成：A car goes faster than a bike. （3）零冠词+复数名词侧重于指类别中的许多个体如：→ Farmers are busy in autumn. Do you like horses?（4）不可数名词表类指的例子：→ When water boils, it changes into steam. 水沸腾时就变成水蒸气→ I love nature. 我喜欢大自然5）the + 形容词 也有类指的意义表一类人或物→ the blind： 盲人；the rich： 富人；the unknown：未知的（事物）★冠词的惯用法：1. 不定冠词的惯用法： ①→ The two boys are of an age. 那两个男孩同岁。

（表示“同一”，相当于the same.）②→ They were caught in a heavy rain. → He is a danger to society. （用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一种，一阵，一场，一个……”）③→ A Mr. Li is asking to see you at the school gate. 一位李先生在校门口要见你用在专有名词之前表示类似的某一个） ④用于某些固定词组中： have a cold, have a swim, have a walk, have a gift for…, in a hurry, all of a sudden, do sb. a favor, once in a while 等补充：①单数可数名词前不用a \ an的情况：→ After graduation from college, he turned teacher （became a teacher）.大学毕业后，他成了一名教师②记住一些常见的纯不可数名词，永远不能与不定冠词连用如：weather, fun, space（太空）, advice, news（word）, progress, information. 2．定冠词the的惯用法：①→ The Greens are at table. 格林一家正在吃饭。

（用在姓氏复数前，表示一家人）②→ in the 1870’s , the Tang dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period （在年代，朝代，时代名词前用the）③→ take sb. by the arm：抓某人的胳膊hit sb. in the face：打某人的脸 （在句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中的the不可用人称代词代替）④→ The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳运转 → the moon \ the world \ the sky \ the sea （宇宙中独一无二的东西前用定冠词the）⑤用于某些固定词组中： in the end, in the habit of …, on the whole, by the day（按天算）, by the hour（按小时算）, by the dozen, on the radio \ phone, to tell the truth, go to the doctor’s, play the violin \ piano（西洋乐器）,等。

补充：专有名词前冠词的用法比较复杂，但一般情况下不含普通名词的纯专有名词不用冠词如：Beijing, New York.但是在由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用the；如：the Great Wall,长城; the Summer Palace，颐和园另外，以普通名词开头的地名或国家全称，也要用定冠词the；如：the University of Beijing（=Beijing University ） ; the City of Tianjin （=Tianjin City ）; the United States, the People’s Republic of China.3. 不用冠词的一些固定短语：by bike, by car, by train, on foot （步行）, by weight（按重量算），at table（吃饭）, in debt （欠债）, in class （在课堂上）, in hospital（住院）, in trouble, in danger, in general , take place 等即学即练：1. He has tried twice, and he is asked to have _____ third try. A. one B. a C. another D. the2. Have you heard ______ news? The price of ______ petrol is going up again! A. the , the B. \, the C. the,\ D. \, \ 3. _____ apple fell from the tree and hit him on ______ head. A. An, the B. The, the C. An, \ D. The, \4. I ate ______ sandwich while I was waiting for ______ 20:08 train. A. the, a B. the, the C. a, the D. a, a 5. My neighbor asked me to go for _______ walk, but I don’t think I’ve got ______ energy. A. a, \ B. the, the C. \, the D. a, the6. When he left ______ college, he got a job as ______ reporter in a newspaper office. A. \, a B. \, the C. a, the D. the, the7. — Could you tell me the way to ______ Johnsons, please? —Sorry, we don’t have ______ Johnson here in the village. A. the, the B. the, a C. \, the D. the, \8. — How about ______ Christmas evening party? — I should say it was ______ success. A. a, a B. the, a C. a, \ D. the, \ 9. In face of _____ failure, it is the most important to keep up ______ good state of mind. A. \, a B. a, \ C. the, \ D. \, the 10. — Really? Who will give ______ lecture? What is it about? — Professor Chen, ______ president of Beijing University, about pollution. A. the, a B. a, the C. the, \ D. a, \答案：BCACD ABBA C二. 代词： 代词种类的划分：①人称代词 ②物主代词 ③反身代词 ④疑问代词 ⑤指示代词 ⑥不定代词 ⑦关系代词。