无机化学双语教学参考资料(下册)英文版.docx

无机化学双语教学参考资料(下册)英文版无机化学双语教学参考资料(下册)Chapter One Nitrogen Family (Group Ⅴ)Central contents:1. Know the general properties of elements of the nitrogen group and inert electron pair effect2. Know the reactions of ammonia, understand the thermal decomposition trend of ammoniumsalts3. Know the properties of nitrous acid and nitrites; understand the structure of nitric acid andnitrate radical; understand the thermal decomposition trend of nitrates4. Know well the properties of phosphoric acid and phosphates5. Know the properties of oxides of As, Sb, Bi and their hydrates; understand the properties ofsulfides of As, Sb, Bi; know the trends of these compounds6. Understand the properties of the salts of As, Sb, Bi7. Understand the identification methods for NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, PO43- and Bi3+Section One The General Properties of Elements of the Nitrogen Group1. Know the following:1) Valence shell configuration ns2np32) Nonmetal → metalloid → metal3) Oxidation number: 0、+3、+54) Bonding character2. Inert electron pair effect:In the same group, the stability will increase from up to down when the elements have lower oxidation number; but the stability will decrease from up to down when the elements have higher oxidation numberSection Two Nitrogen and Its main Compounds1.The properties of ammonia and ammonium salts 1) Physical properties of ammonia:(1) Ammonia is a colorless gas with an exceedingly pungent ordor(2) Readily soluble in the water, one volume H 2O can dissolve seven hundred volumes NH 3 (15mol?L -1)(3) It condenses to a liquid at -33℃ at ambient pressure (25℃/9.9 atm)(4) When liquid ammonia becomes gas, it will absorb a great deal of heat, so we can use it as a refrigeration reagent(5) Liquid ammonia is in some ways similar to liquid water. Salts dissolve in ammonia to form conducting solutions, but solubilities are usually lower in ammonia than in water. Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia, and the solution is called liquid ammonia solution 2) Chemical properties of ammonia: (1)Addition reaction: H +, M n+, molecules NH 3 + H + → NH 4+4NH 3 + Cu 2+ → [Cu(NH 3)4]2+ 2NH 3 + Ag + → [Ag(NH 3)2] + 8NH 3 + CaCl 2 →CaCl 2?8NH 3(2) Substitution reaction: One hydrogen atom is replaced: NaNH 2; two hydrogen atoms are replaced: Ag 2NH; three hydrogen atoms are replaced: Li 3N (3) Oxidation reaction: O 2, M x O y , X 2 4NH 3 + 3O 2 →C0400 2N 2↑ + 6H 2O 4NH 3 + 5O 2 ???→?-RhPt C0800 4NO↑ + 6H 2O2NH 3+3CuO→?3Cu +N 2↑ +3H 2O 2NH 3 + 3Cl 2 → N 2↑ + 6HCl 3) The properties of ammonium saltsa) Ammonium salts of non-oxidative volatile acid →?NH 3↑+ corresponding acid↑NH 4Cl →?NH 3↑ + HCl↑NH 4HCO 3→? NH 3↑ + CO 2↑ + H 2Ob) Ammonium salts of non-oxidative involatile acid →?NH 3↑+acid or acid ammonium salt (NH 4)3PO 4→?3NH 3↑ + H 3PO 4(NH 4)2SO 4→?NH 3↑ + NH 4HSO 4c) Ammonium salts of oxidative acid →?N 2↑+ H 2O or N 2O↑+ H 2ON 2O: laughing gas (NH 4)2Cr 2O 7 →?N 2↑ + Cr 2O 3 + 4H 2ONH 4NO 2 →? N 2↑+ 2H 2ONH 4NO 3??→?Cabout 0210 N 2O↑+ 2H 2O2NH 4NO 3?→?>C0300 2N 2↑ + O 2↑ + 4H 2Od) Identification of NH 4+○1 NH 4+ + OH - →? H 2O +NH 3↑ ○2NH 4++Nessler’s reagent →? red-brown↓ 2.The properties of nitrous acid and nitrites: 1)HNO 2 is a weak acid, K a θ=7.2×10-42) The pure acid is unknown, even aqueous solutions of nitrous acid are unstable, decomposing when heated according to the reaction: NO 2-+H +→HNO 22ONO↑+NO 2↑3) Most nitrites are soluble in water except AgNO 2, and are poisonous and carcinogenic 4) Oxidizing-reducing propertiesE A θ : NO 3- 0.94 HNO 2 0.996 NO E B θ: NO 3- 0.01 NO 2- -0.46 NOSo in acid medium, we will mainly use HNO 2 as an oxidant, but in base medium, HNO 2 will be used as a reductantNO 2-+Fe 2++2H +→NO↑+Fe 3++H 2O 2NO 2-+2I -+4H +→2NO↑+I 2+2H 2O5NO 2-+2MnO 4-+6H +→5NO 3-+2Mn 2++3H 2O 3.The properties of nitric acid and nitrates 1) The structure of nitric acid 2) The structure of NO 3- 3) The properties of HNO 3○1 Pure HNO 3 is a colorless liquid, can mix with water in any proportion ○2HNO 3 is a strong monoacid and volatile ○34HNO 3 ??→??light or 4NO 2↑ + O 2↑ + 2H 2O ○4 HNO 3 is a strong oxidant A) HNO 3 reacts with nonmetals3C+4HNO 3(dilute)→3CO 2↑+2H 2O+4NO↑ C+4HNO 3(strong)→CO 2↑+2H 2O+4NO 2↑ S→H 2SO 4, P→H 3PO 4, I 2→HIO 3B) HNO 3 reacts with metals; the products will be decided by the concentration of HNO 3 and thestrength of reductant△1 HNO 3 (strong) + metal → NO2 Cu+4HNO 3(strong)→Cu(NO 3)2+2NO 2↑+2H 2O Zn+4HNO 3(strong)→Zn(NO 3)2+2NO 2↑+2H 2O △2HNO 3(dilute) + active metal → N 2O HNO 3(dilute) + inactive metal → NO 3Cu+8HNO 3(dilute)→3Cu(NO 3)2+2NO↑+4H 2O 4Zn+10HNO 3(dilute)→4Zn(NO 3)2+N 2O↑+5H 2O△3 HNO 3 (very dilute) + active metal → NH 3→+H NH 4+4Zn + 10HNO 3 (very dilute) →4Zn(NO 3)2 + NH 4NO 3 + 3H 2O ○5 Nitration 4) The properties of nitrates: (1) Nitrates of active metals (>Mg)→?nitrites + O 2↑NaNO。