高级英语The_Trial_that_Rocked_the_World（课堂PPT）.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式单击此处编辑母版副标题样式1Lesson TenThe Trial That Rocked the WorldI. Additional Background Information1.TheauthorJohnScopes,ahighschoolscienceteacherinDayton,Tennesseewho,byteachingevolution,wasaccusedofbreakingthelaw.Hewasthedefendantinthecase.Asthelastsurvivingprincipalinthistrial,hedecidedtowriteastorydescribingthehighlightsofthetrial.ThenameofJohnScopesbecamesynonymouswiththistrial,whichispopularlyknownasthe“monkeytrial”.Afilm,called“InherittheWind”,wasmadeofthetrial,withmuchofthedialoguecomingdirectlyfromthetranscriptsofthecourtproceedings.Thisstoryalsodrawsontheactualtranscripts.JohnScopesdiedin1979.http:/ Clarence SewardDarrow(18571938)C.S.DarrowwasborninFarmdale,Ohio.In1894,Darrowbeganwhatwouldbehisprimarycareerforthenext20years-laborlaw.Duringtheseyears,hehaddefendedEugeneV.Debs,“BigBill”Haywoodandotherlaborleaders.Butin1911disasterstruckasDarrow,defendingtheMcnamarabrothersagainstachargeofblowinguptheLosAngelesTimesBuilding,wassuddenlyfacedwithhisclientsreversingtheirpreviouspleaofinnocencetooneofguilt.Inturn,Darrowwasindictedformisconductbutwasnotconvicted.Withthishiscareerasalaborlawyercametoanend.Thenheembarkedonanewmajorcareerasacriminallawyer.89He viewed criminals as people led by circumstance into committing antisocial acts rather than as free-willing monsters. For this reason he was a bitter opponent of capital punishment, viewing it as a barbaric practice. Darrows most famous criminal trial was the 1924 Leopold-Leob case, in which two Chicago boys had wantonly murdered a youngster. For the only time in his career Darrow insisted that his clients claim guilty, then turned his attention to saving them from the death penalty. He was successful in this, partly because he was able to introduce a great deal of psychiatric testimony supporting his theories of the influences upon individual acts. In the Scopes trial, Darrows defense, and particularly his cross-examination of William J. Bryan, who spoke for the biblical, antiscientific, fundamentalist side, served to discredit religious fundamentalism and won national attention.105.UnitedStatesLawThelegalsystemintheU.S.originatedfromtheEnglishsystemofcommonlaw,unwrittenlawinwhichprecedentplaysanimportantrole.However,astheU.S.developed,itsownsystemofwrittenstatutesandcodesevolved.Americanlawisnowbasedonablendofwrittenlegaldecisionsandoflegislation.11Therearetwo types of American law:civillawandcriminallaw.a.Civil/civiclaw(民法)coverssuitsbetweenindividuals(companiesaswellaspeopleare“individuals”).Insuranceclaims,divorces,andbusinessmalpracticesareexamplesofmattershandledundercivillaw.b.Criminallaw(刑法)coverscasesbroughtbythestateagainstindividuals;criminaloffensesrangefromtrafficticketstomajorcrimeslikehijackingandmurder.126.AmericanCourts:StateCourtsvsFederalcourtsa.Statecourts(州法院)：localtrialcourts(ormagistratescourts)(minorcases);generaltrialcourts;statesupremecourtb.Federalcourts(联邦法院):ThejurisdictionofthefederalcourtsisbasicallylimitedbytheConstitutiontocasesbasedonfederallawandtocontroversiesbetweencitizensofdifferentstates.Thenationisdividedgeographicallyintomorethan90areas,ineachofwhichisa“limitedStatesDistrictCourt”.Abovethemare11limitedStatescourtsofappeal,thentheSupremeCourt,consistingof9judges.13Allfederaljudges,onthedistrictcourtofappealsandsupremecourtlevelareappointedbythePresidentwiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate.TheAmericangovernmentismadeupofthreebranches:thelegislativebranch(立法部门)thatenactslaws,theexecutivebranch(行政部门)thatenforcesthelaws,andthejudicialbranch(司法部门)thatinterpretsthelaws.147.ReligionsGod:theDeity,theDivinity,HolyOne,Jehovah,the Lord, Providence, the Almighty, the Creatorandetc.ThereisonlyoneGodinheaven.ButthebeliefinGodhasdevelopedthreereligioussections:Christianity,JudaismandIslam.Christianity:RomanCatholicProtestantOrthodoxEasternChurchTrinity:theHolyFather,theHolySonandtheHolySpirit/Ghost,withJesusChristasitsincarnation.15Bible:NameoftheChristianScriptures,theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.OldTestament:ChristiannamefortheHebrewBible,thefirstportionoftheChristianBibleGenesis:firstbookoftheOldTestamentwhichtellstheoriginoftheworldandofmanNewTestament:thedistinctiveChristianportionoftheBibleGospel:Greekwordforgoodnews.thefirstfourbooksoftheNewTestament.Fundamentalism:conservativereligiousmovement.ItsaimistomaintainwordforwordinterpretationsoftheBible.Nowadaysthiswordcanapplytootherreligions.16II.Certainlegalterms1. trialn.:examinationinacourtoflawbeforeajudge(orjudgeandjury)审判e.g.Hewasontrialfortheft.他因盗窃罪而受审tobringsbtotrial/tobringsbupfortrial/toputsbontrial=totryhim/herinacourtoflaw审讯某人tostandonestrial=tobetried受审2.the jury trial :Theprosecutorandthedefensecounselpresenttheircasesbyexaminingandcross-examiningwitnesseswhohavebeensubpoenaed(票传,传审)toappearincourtsothattheycantestify.Thejudgepresidesandactsasareferee,butthejuryisabsolutelysilent.Whenbothlawyershavefinishedpresentingtheircases,thejurorsdeliberateandpasstheverdict.陪审（指有陪审团参加的审判）173.grand jury :Formajorinvestigationandcrimestheprosecutingattorneymeetswitha。