M5U1GrammarSs.doc

Module 5 Unit 1 Grammar and UsageLearning aims: Learn the to infinitive, the bare infinitive and the verb-ing form as a moun.Learning important points:1. Learn how to use the to infinitive, the bare infinitive and the verb-ing form as a moun. 2. Learn the differences between the to infinitive, the bare infinitive and the verb-ing form.Learning methods: Cooperative learning and practicing.Learning procedures:Activity 1: Definition 非谓语动词 ( to do ; v-ing, v-ed ) 定义：是在句子中不能单独做谓语的动词，这样的动词没有人称和数的变化。

具有名词、形容词、副词的特征Activity 2: to infinitive to infinitive在句子中可以做：主语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语 分析下列各句中to infinitive所充当的成分 To find a best friend is difficult. I need to sleep for eight hours every night. His aim was to cheer me up. I have a very important meeting to attend. You need to apologize quickly to avoid losing a good friend. I asked him to come over. 1. 作主语 不定式在句中做主语，相当于名词或代词的作用，在很多情况下，不定式用it作形式主语其句型结构为：It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult…) + 不定式 It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame…) + 不定式 It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + 不定式E.g. 学好英语不容易。

成为一个好老师是我的愿望 在这么短的时间内，完成这么多的家庭作业是不可能的 很难和这个人交流 成为一个好老师需要耐心2. 作表语 Our most important task now is _______________________(制定计划). The next step is _________________(确认) that what happened to him. 当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略E.g. Now the only thing we can do is ____________(wait).3. 作宾语 常见的接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish etc.E.g. He promised to make up with me. The car failed to stop at the red light. He hoped to go back to his hometown. He managed to solve the problem by himself. 注：a) sb. find (feel, think, make, believe, judge)+ it+ adj. / n. + to do sth.句型中，it作形式宾语，不定式为真正宾语。

我觉得很难和她相处 我们觉得跟他一起工作很愉快 他认为没有邀请她是很大的遗憾 b) 动词不定式作动词tell, show, understand, know, teach, learn, discuss等词的宾语时，不定式前面常带疑问词，构成“动词+疑问词(how, when, where, what)+ to do”结构He showed me how to use the machine.4. 作宾语补足语 下列动词后跟带to的不定式作补语: get,ask,force, order, tell, invite, allow, wish, want,like ,expect,advise, beg, etc 你应该让他们帮助你 老师叫我们不要发出这么大的噪音 我的父母不允许我在外面待到很晚才回来 请提醒我不要忘了会议5. 作定语 不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等 His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear. Her efforts to carry out the plan were wasted.②序数词,形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。

She was the only person ______________(存活) after the earthquake. 他总是第一个来，最后一个离开Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词 没有什么可担忧的 他正找房子住6. 作状语 不定式可以作状语，表示目的、结果、原因、条件等 He got up early ____________________________(为了赶上第一班车). He ran to the station ________________________________(结果发现车开走了). I’m sorry to hear that your mother is ill.7. 作独立成分（插入语），用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，如to be frank (坦白地说), to be sure(确实), to tell the truth, to begin with等 __________________(实话说), I know nothing about it.Activity 3: 不定式的时态和语态时态 / 语态主动被动一般式进行式/完成式①不定式的进行式：to be + V-ing, 用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。

②不定式完成式：to have + V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前③当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ed和完成式被动to have been V-edE.g. The two cheats pretended to be working hard on the empty looms (织布机). I am sorry to have put you so much trouble. The meeting is to be held tomorrow. The room seems to have been tidied up already.Activity 4: Bare infinitiveA. 在感官动词或使役动词see, watch, notice, observe,look at（五看）make, have, let（三使） hear, listen to（二听）feel（一感）等动词后面，不定式作宾补不带to（主动省”to”，被动加 “to”） I often hear him ________(sing) the song. → He is often heard ________(sing) the song. He was seen ________(read) the newspaper by the river. His daughter was made_________(play) the piano for two hours every day.B. 在would rather, rather than, had better, may/ might as well等结构之后用不带to的不定式。

我宁愿走也不愿待在这儿 你最好马上向我道歉C. why (not) ...? Why not __________(join) us in dancing? Why not __________(visit) our grandma today?D. 在can't but, can’t help but, can’t choose but“不得不...”之后的不定式不带to 我不得不佩服他的勇气E. 动词不定式在介词but, except, besides后面，如果这些介词之前若有行为动词do的各种形式，这些介词后面的不定式不带to She could do nothing but ___________(cry). There was nothing we could do except ____________(wait). I have no choice but ____________(stay) here. Exercises: 1. I let her ________(use) my dictionary .2. Sarah made me ________(promise) not to let out her secret .3. The teacher often has his students ________(read) aloud in class .4. I saw her ________ (play) b。