独立主格结构[共47页].doc

独立主格结构一、独立主格结构是一个名词或代词，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语它有以下三个特点：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，与主句之间不用任何连接词二、独立主格结构的常见形式1. 名词（代词）+现在分词（逻辑主语是分词的动作发出者）The moon appearing，they decided to go on with theirjouney.We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛2. 名词（代词）+过去分词（逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者）The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了Good-bye said，he went home.3. 名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的4. 名词（代词）+介词短语（相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语）The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词（相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构）He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着6. There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有要讨论的事了，我宣布散会7. It being +名词（代词）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词withHe stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了比较：“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，不用形容词性物主代词和冠词 Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.三、英语独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。

1. 用作时间状语The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。

5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活注：1、独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末2、独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.3、 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了四、with + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法“with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。

该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：1、原因状语1.With the man guiding us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village. 2、时间状语1.With our problem settled , we all felt happy.3、伴随状语She left the offices with tears in her eyes.4、后置定语1.Do you know the man with/having a book in his hand?分词结构和独立主格结构作状语时的区别一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语二、独立主格结构作状语时，结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。

三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, so等）独立主格结构练习题及解析1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels.　　A. which B. that C. whom D. them　　2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.　　A. because B. as C. With D. Since　　3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there.　　A. them B. who C. whom D. which　　4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old.　　A. which B. that C. them D. it　　5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light.　　A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give　　6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat.　　A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering　　7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________.　　A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze　　C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze　　8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day.　　A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished　　9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking.　　A. their B。