表面物理与表面分析2
80页1、Chapter 2 SURFACE ATOMIC STRUCTURE,Xinju Yang, Surface Physics Lab. Physics Dept., Fudan University,Surface Physics and Surface Analysis,Crystallography Ideal Surfaces Surface Relaxation and Reconstruction Surface Defects,Outline,I. Crystallography,Crystallography deals basically with the question: “Where are the atoms in solids?”,Condensed matter can be classified as either crystalline or amorphous.,Amorphous,Crystalline,Single Crystalline,Poly- Crystalline,Amorphous silicon,Many solids are mad
2、e of crystallites that are microscopic - but contain 1020 atoms!,The focus of this chapter is on the description of periodic solids (crystalline), which represent the major proportion of condensed matter.,Sheet steel,Crystal Structure (3D) Crystal Surface (2D) - Periodicity & Symmetry - Miller Indices - Surface Notation - Reciprocal lattice,Including:,Lattice point: 3D array of points repeating periodically in all three dimensions and providing the framework of the crystal structure.,A crystal c
3、an be described by two entities, the lattice and the basis.,3D Crystallography,Basis: simplest chemical unit presents at every lattice point.,Note: the basis can be single atom, group of atom, ion, molecule, ect.,Crystal Lattice + Basis,Periodicity of Lattice,- primitive vectors,Simplest possible unit of the structure, but contains all information of the structure.,Repeating of unit cell macroscopic crystal structure.,Unit cell,Note: the primitive vectors are not unique, different vectors can de
4、fine the same lattice.,Atomic arrangement looks identical at and ,- translational vector,h, k, l - integers,Lattice: the set of points for all values of h, k, l .,-Bravais lattices,3D unit cell,For most cases, the 3D unit cell is a parallelepiped with three sets of parallel faces.,7 crystal systems 14 Bravais Lattices,3D unit cells,Primitive Unit cell,Primitive unit cell: smallest, containing one basis,Unit cell: the simplest and most symmetric, containing one or several basises.,Periodicity & s
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