热能与动力工程专业英语翻译(李瑞扬)
13页1、1.3 The Characteristics of Fluids 流体的特征constituent:组成的;tangential:切向的;restrain:限制、约束;equilibrium:平衡, 均衡;interface:相互关系、分界面;molecule:微小颗粒、分子;continuum:连续体; vessel:容器;tar:焦油、柏油;pitch:树脂;imperceptibly:察觉不到的,细微的; restore:恢复;subside:下沉、沉淀、减退、衰减;hypothetically:假设地、假想地; sphere:球、球体;microvolume:微元体积;rarest:最稀罕的,虽珍贵的A fluid is a substance which may flow; that is, its constituent particles may continuously change their positions relative to one another. Moreover, it offers no lasting resistance to the dis
2、placement, however great, of one layer over another. This means that, if the fluid is at rest, no shear force (that is a force tangential to the surface on which it acts )can exist in it. A solid, on the other hand, can resist a shear force while at rest; the shear force may cause some displacement of one layer over another, but the material does not continue to move indefinitely. In a fluid, however, shear forces are possible only while relative movement between layers is actually taking place.
3、 A fluid is further distinguished from a solid in that a given amount of it owes its shape at any particular time to that of a vessel containing it, or to forces which in some way restrain its movement. 流体是可以流动的物质,也就是说,组成流体的质点可以连续的改变它们的相对位置。而且,不管层与层之间的相对位移有多大都不会产生持久的抵抗力。这意味着流体在静止状态下是不会存在剪切力的(剪切力是与其作用表面相切的力)。另一方面,固体在静止时却可以抵抗剪切力,其中的剪切力也可以使层与层之间发生相对位移,但是固体材料却不一定会有连续的运动。然而在流体中,只有当层与层之间有相对运动产生时才会有剪切力存在。流体和固体的进一步区别还在于在特定的时刻,确定数量的流体其形状取决于承载它的容器,或者取决于一些限制其运动的力。 The distinction between solids and fluids
4、is usually clear, but there are some substances not easily classified. Some fluids, for example, do not flow easily: thick tar or pitch may at times appear to behave like a solid. A block of such a substance may be placed on the ground, but, although its flow would take place very slowly, yet over a period of time-perhaps several days-it would spread over the ground by the action of gravity, that is, its constituent particles would change their relative positions. On the other hand, certain soli
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