学习障碍（英文版）PPT课件.ppt

a,a,*,a,a,*,Specific learning Disorders,学习障碍,1,Definition,Learning Disorders,Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,Dyslexia,【阅读障碍】,Communication Disorders,Intellectual Disability,2,Definition,Dyslexia,is characterized by an unexpected difficulty in reading in persons who otherwise possess the necessary intelligence and motivation that should permit accurate and fluent reading.,智力正常，无感觉器官、运动功能缺陷，非原发情绪障碍或教育剥夺所致3,Learning difficulty,Specific,Learning,disabilities,DD/,MR,auditory/visual processing,disorder,others,4,Epidemiology,prevalence rates,5-10%inclinic-and school-identified samples,17.5%in unselected population based samples,Dyslexia affects both boys and girls;epidemiologic samples indicate slightly more boys.,5,Pathogenesis,there are differences in the left,brain regions between dyslexic and non-impaired readers.,左大脑半球异位性白质或对称性改变,6,Information input,Information,output,Memory,Thinking,reading,calculate,writing,Spelling,7,Etiology,reflects the interaction between genetic and environmental factors.,Numerous theories include those implicating deficits in the temporal processing of auditory and visual stimuli and those that hypothesize language specific impairments.,Family history is one of the most important risk factors,8,Clinical manifestations 临床表现,Reflecting the underlying phonologic潜在的语音 weakness,dyslexics manifest problems in,both spoken and written language,.,语言理解,表达障碍,阅读障碍：语塞，镜像现象；,视空间障碍,9,Spoken language difficulties,are typically manifest by,mispronunciations,lack of glibness,口若悬河,speech that lacks fluency with many pauses or hesitations and“ums”heard,word-finding difficulties with the need for time to summon an oral response and the inabilityto come up with a verbal response quickly when questioned;,these reflect,sound-based,and not semantic,语义,or knowledge-based difficulties.,10,Difficulties in spelling typically reflect the phonologically based,11,Development procedure,During the preschool and kindergarten years,at-risk children display difficulties playing rhyming games and learning the names for letters and numbers.,Kindergarten assessments of these language skills can help identify children at risk for dyslexia.,Although a dyslexic child enjoys and benefits from being read to,he or she might avoid reading aloud to the parent or reading independently,12,Struggles in decoding and word recognition can vary according to age and developmental level.,Older children have been found to improve reading accuracy over time,albeit without commensurate gains in reading fluency;they remain slow readers.,13,Anxiety,attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,Comorbidity,14,Diagnosis,History,distinguished from other disorders that can prominently feature reading difficulties by the unique,circumscribed nature of the phonologic deficit,one that does not intrude into other linguistic or cognitive domains.,Family history,15,Assessment,tests of language(particularly phonology),reading including fluency,and spelling represent a core assessment for the diagnosis of dyslexia in children,additional tests of intellectual ability,attention,memory,general language skills,and mathematics may be administered as part of a more comprehensive evaluation of cognitive,linguistic,and academic function,16,There is no single test score that is pathognomonic of dyslexia.,17,Differential diagnosis,“,Slow learners”(IQ 71 to 84),Mental retardation,Emotional problems,Physical handicap,Psychiatric disorders,Visual handicap,Hearing handicap,18,Management,demanda life-span perspective,寿命观点,Effective intervention programs provide systematic instruction in 5 key,areas:,phonemic awareness,音素意识,phonics,声学,fluency,流利,Vocabulary,词汇,comprehension strategies.,理解策略,19,。