cognitivelinguisticslecture2
9页1、Lecture Two Conceptual Metaphors2.1 Metaphors: from figures of speech to conceptual systemsTraditionally, metaphors have been regarded as figures of speech, i.e. as ornamental devices used in rhetorical style. However, expressions like “the foot of the mountain”, 重视, 思路, 桌子腿and瓶颈also play an important part in everyday language. Moreover, philosophers and cognitive linguists have shown that metaphors are powerful cognitive tools for our conceptualization of abstract categories. Metaphors are perv
2、asive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. Metaphors as a figure of speechSee Yang Zhong: pp.85-92. 可以从语言学讲义中复制Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. (The New Oxford Dictionary of English) The basic sentence form is A is B. For instance, John is an ass and The sky is crying. What is described is usually r
3、eferred to as the target (e.g., John and sky) while the describing element (ass and crying) the source.Metaphor has traditionally been based on the notions similarity or comparison between the literal and the figurative meaning of an expression. In the above example, the similarity lies in the quality of being stubborn.The three components of metaphor are tenor, vehicle, and ground. The working mechanism of metaphor is as follows: X (tenor) is like Y (vehicle) in respect of Z (ground).Based upon
4、 the substitution or comparison view of metaphor, I. A. Richards and M. Black developed the so-called interaction theory of metaphor. They maintained that the essence of metaphor lies in an interaction between a metaphorical expression and the context in which it is used. In our first example, the interaction can be described as a semantic clash or tension between the metaphorically used category ass and the context of a human being John, and this results in the interpretation of the sentence as
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