《出版社通信英语》课件AI-人工智能

1、AI-人工智能Inthefieldofcomputerscience,artificialintelligence(AI),sometimescalledmachineintelligence,isintelligencedemonstratedbymachines,incontrasttothenaturalintelligencedisplayedbyhumansandotheranimals.artificiala.人工的，人造的intelligencen.智力，智能demonstratev.证明，展示KaplanandHaenleindefineAIas“asystemsabilitytocorrectlyinterpretexternaldata,tolearnfromsuchdata,andtousethoselearningstoachievespecificgoalsandtasksthroughflexibleadaptation”.Colloquially,thetermartificialintelligenceisappliedwhenamachinemimic

2、scognitivefunctionsthathumansassociatewithotherhumanminds,suchaslearningandproblemsolving.interpretv.解释，翻译，说明externala.外部的，表面的adaptationn.适应，改编colloquiallyad.口语的，用通俗语mimicv.模仿，模拟cognitivea.认知的，认识的Thecurrentexcitementaboutartificialintelligence(AI),particularlymachinelearning(ML),ispalpableandcontagious.TheexpectationthatAIispoisedto“revolutionize,”perhapseventakeoverhumanity,haselicitedpropheticvisionsandconcernsfromsomeluminaries.ThereisalsoagreatdealofinterestinthecommercialpotentialofAI,which

3、isattractingsignificantsumsofventurecapitalandstate-sponsoredinvestmentglobally,particularlyinChina.elicitv.抽出，引出prophetica.预言的，预示的luminaryn.发光体，杰出人物McKinsey,forinstance,predictsthepotentialcommercialimpactofAIinseveraldomains,envisioningmarketsworthtrillionsofdollars.Allthisisdrivenbythesudden,explosive,andsurprisingadvancesAIhasmadeinthelast10yearsorso.AlphaGo,autonomouscars,Alexa,Watsonandothersuchsystems,ingameplaying,robotics,computervision,speechrecognition,andnaturallanguageprocessingarei

4、ndeedstunningadvances.domainn.领域，域名envisionv.想象，预想roboticsn.机器人学recognitionn.认出，识别stunv.使震惊，打昏But,aswithearlierAIbreakthroughs,suchasexpertsystemsinthe1980sandneuralnetworksinthe1990s,thereisalsoconsiderablehypeandatendencytooverestimatethepromiseoftheseadvances,asmarketresearchfirmGartnerandothershavenotedaboutemergingtechnology.hypen.大肆宣传neurala.神经的，神经系统的TheimplicationisthatAIcouldeventuallyendupdoingall“things”thathumansdo,anddothemmuchbetterthatis,achievesuper-humanperformanceaswitnessedrece

5、ntlywithAlphaGOandAlphaGOZero.Historically,thetermAIreflectedcollectivelytothefollowingbranches:Gameplayingforexample,Chess,GoSymbolicreasoningandtheorem-provingforexample,LogicTheorist,MACSYMARoboticsforexample,self-drivingcarsVisionforexample,facialrecognitionSpeechrecognition,Naturallanguageprocessingforexample,SiriDistributed&evolutionaryAIforexample,droneswarmsHardwareforAIforexample,LispmachinesExpertsystemsorknowledge-basedsystemsforexample,MYCIN,CONPHYDESomeoftheseareapplication-focused,

6、suchasgameplayingandvision.Othersaremethodological,suchasexpertsystemsandMLthetwobranchesthataremostdirectlyandimmediatelyapplicabletoourdomain.ManytasksinthesedifferentbranchesofAIsharecertaincommonfeatures.Theyallrequirepatternrecognition,reasoning,anddecision-makingundercomplexconditions.Andtheyoftendealwithill-definedproblems,noisydata,modeluncertainties,combinatoriallylargesearchspaces,nonlinearitiesandtheneedforspeedysolutions.methodologicala.方法的，方法论的patternn.模式，图案nonlinearityn.非线性，非线性特征sp

7、eedya.快的，迅速的Lookingbacksome30yearsfromnow,historywouldrecognizethattherewerethreeearlymilestonesinAI.OneisDeepBluedefeatingGaryKasparovinchessin1997,thesecondWatsonbecomingJeopardychampionin2011,andthethirdisthesurprisingwinbyAlphaGOin2016.TheAIadvancesthatmadetheseamazingfeatspossiblearenowpoisedtohaveanimpactthatgoesfarbeyondgameplaying.amazev.使吃惊AIresearchreallystartedwithaconferenceatDartmouthCollegein1956.ItwasamonthlongbrainstormingsessionattendedbymanypeoplewithinterestsinAI.Attheconferen

8、cetheywroteprogramsthatwereamazingatthetime,beatingpeopleatcheckersorsolvingwordproblems.TheDepartmentofDefensestartedgivingalotofmoneytoAIresearchandlabswerecreatedallovertheworld.Unfortunately,researchersreallyunderestimatedjusthowhardsomeproblemswere.Thetoolstheyhadusedstilldidnotgivecomputersthingslikeemotionsorcommonsense.FundingforAIresearchwascut,startinganAIwinterwherelittleresearchwasdone.sessionn.会话，会议checkern.检验员，棋子emotionn.情感，情绪AIresearchrevivedinthe1980sbecauseofthepopularityofexper

9、tsystems,whichsimulatedtheknowledgeofahumanexpert.Expertsystems,alsocalledknowledge-basedsystems,rule-basedsystems,orproductionsystems,arecomputerprogramsthatmimictheproblem-solvingofhumanswithexpertiseinagivendomain.By1985,1billiondollarswerespentonAI.New,fastercomputersconvincedU.S.andBritishgovernmentstostartfundingAIresearchagain.However,themarketforLispmachinescollapsedin1987andfundingwaspulledagain,startinganevenlongerAIwinter.popularityn.普及，流行simulatev.模仿，假装mimicv.模仿，模拟AIrevivedagaininthe

10、90sandearly2000swithitsuseindataminingandmedicaldiagnosis.Thiswaspossiblebecauseoffastercomputersandfocusingonsolvingmorespecificproblems.Theexcitementaboutexpertsystemswanedinthe1990sduetothesepracticaldifficulties.diagnosisn.诊断，分析wanev.衰落，变小Althoughheuristicsearchandexpertsystemprovedsuitabletosolvewell-defined,logicalproblems,suchasplayingchess,itturnedouttobeintractabletofigureoutexplicitrulesforsolvingmorecomplex,fuzzyproblems,suchasimageclassification,speechrecognition,orlanguagetranslatio

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