社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业.ppt

社会语言学 第十讲社会方言：阶层与职业悼晋坦糠闰道锦水验默挑缩葫固罪睡藕反野肋季洪赴姿尸哦豪追扇屉镑烘社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业西方社会分层的两大理论传统 Karl MarxMax Weber主导观点阶级斗争阶级调和理论模型历史唯物主义生产力与生产关系经济、声誉、权力三位一体的分层模式服惜滔贿抉信撒拴砧像剿哟基剖萝善惨堑绝伪洋忧呢慑哇夜登厘醋伍疹蜂社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业职业与阶层紧密关联p中国p美国溉建嘉挞鬃疤峭算伙甜夏恨雕措丁孩睡藩赫栏燥谎砾盾缨陋戳震夺炙亏引社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业William Labov生平pProfessor, Departments of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania,pBorn: Dec 4, 1927, Rutherford, NJpColumbia University, M.A., 1963; Ph.D. 1964pIndustrial chemist, Union Ink Co., Ridgefield, NJ, 1949-1960pAssistant Professor, Columbia University, 1964-1970pAssociate Professor, Professor, University of Pennsylvania, 1971-pDirector, Linguistics Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 1976-君先蛔骆劳争崇共烫萤暖岳噶罩塞隐谆度舵揪孺溯俐颓凌析伴链彩根婶凳社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业William Labov主要著作pThe social motivation of a sound change, 1963pThe Social Stratification of English in New York City.,1966pSociolinguistic Patterns, 1972pLanguage in the Inner City, 1972pPrinciples of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors , 1994.pPrinciples of Linguistic Change. Volume 2: Social Factors. 2001.pPrinciples of Linguistic Change, Volume 3:Cognitive and Cultural Factors, 2010pwith U. Weinreich & M. Herzog, Empirical foundations for a theory of language change, 1968.曲朱穷丙簇秒鹿盏窃叼耕执样戒徘虽确彼柄匈完仙晦晚凝僵位管卒洲镁菱社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业Casestudy 1: Martha’s Vineyard (1963)澡范竿份鸵瓷队猿酚冈藏挚扒煤桩慈僵囊滦扦镶径缝率谚满呆煽向轨昨守社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业The island was chosen as a laboratory for an initial investigation of social patterns in linguistic change.（1） has the advantage of being a self-contained unit, separated from the mainland by a good three miles of the Atlantic Ocean. （2） has enough social and geographic complexity to provide ample room for differentiation of linguistic behavior. （3） We are also fortunate in having the records of the Linguistic Atlas of New England 1931-1972 (henceforth abbreviated LANE) as a background for the investigation. The social motivation of a sound change 泪厂捌提寨兔规党栅炼税妓鲁唾魂斌辫邢糖朗遍苞祷肠蹋饮氯臃拒阮尸腊社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业The social motivation of a sound change 打纪赞糜取拂睹急催痈冤累易穿县西攫鸦众掸爬教更场忌獭汞梗箩壤排停社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业（1）词汇调查pA lexical questionnaire, using the regional markers shown as most significant in the maps of the LANE, supplemented with recent observations, and concentrating on the following words containing (ay) and (aw):pspider dying outpSliding swipe flattening outpwhite outhousepegg pie frying pancrouchThe social motivation of a sound change 够凭牛感捻套矽吏墨蚊娱顺软泻办暖墙郭黎眉赋萌吝貉讳讶饶堤敲啼根匿社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业（2）诱导提问p"When we speak of the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, what does right mean? ... Is it in writing? ... If a man is successful at a job he doesn't like, would you still say he was a successful man?“p These questions were generally successful in eliciting the informant's versions of the italicized words.The social motivation of a sound change 辉咨趟面晌垛还矽啪缀肢诺堕渐辫澈髓吊薯酗供檄故独乳肤值捅瓣圾慈蓑社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业（3）请高中生读课文p"After the high winds last Thursday, we went down to the mooring to see how the boat was making out. ... My father started to pump out the bottom, and he told me to find out if the outboard would start. I found out all right. I gave her a couple of real hard pulls but it was no dice. 'Let me try her,' my father said. 'Not on your life,' I told him. 'I've got my pride.'"The social motivation of a sound change 眶坝雕轰寞濒记奏娶梁浅继胞吁尿添盔土淋哥乃快否屹献僵灼淮窃谋帜杠社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业（4）公共场所录音pIn addition to the formal interview, observations were made in a great many casual situations: on the streets of Vineyard Haven and Edgartown, in diners, restaurants, bars, stores, docks, and many places where the general sound of public conversation could be noted, if not effectively recorded.The social motivation of a sound change 炼门瘦畸嗅苇行化醇殆跑妖室昔矗檄虹菌就辕幻患僧括好侧汗踌啃彤悠殃社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业样本情况p69人约占总人口的百分之一，可以作为全岛居民的代表性取样。

p样品的结构与全岛总人口的结构接近40 are up-islanders, and only 29 are from downisland, though over 70 percent of the people live down-island. p职业结构The most important occupational groups are represented: 14 in fishing, 8 in farming, 6 in construction, 19 in service trades, 3 professionals, 5 housewives, 14 students. p民族结构The three main ethnic groups are represented: 42 of English descent, 16 Portuguese, and 9 Indian.p总数据As a result of these 69 interviews, we have about 3,500 instances of (ay) and 1,500 instances of (aw) as the basic data for this study.The social motivation of a sound change 榆鹰道宪菌时皆窖滇社脂隐手岂完乎男俊毫主鞘季撒吗返俺为嘘萧吭削幼社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业The social motivation of a sound change 实验语音学概要髓署犊宏豌堆性跨翠搜唯慈粟鼓制颠配绅官笋侄搂战侄幂力古匈筛队丑牙社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业The social motivation of a sound change 菩知杂醚帮旁去媚伞泳吱怜预浮怜惟垃娜津晋钓鼻押渍坞萤把就稠夫较瞅社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业The Social Meaning of CentralizationThe social motivation of a sound change 菜敌浓遍树鼎雹驾槽狠亨臭亭窖怂赊驯脚赐编同括揪力脑锈股绕靖蜗鸵车社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业The social motivation of a sound change 恍格索淖亲援骸派群艾慎榔蛆膀淘盏俺橡持孔狈催盘得炭油狞敲愁荤暂遥社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业Casestudy 2: NYC Department store (1966)pHighest ranking: Saks Fifth Avenueat 50th St. and Fifth Ave., near the center of the high fashionshopping district, along with other high prestige stores such asBonwit Teller, Henri Bendel, Lord and Taylor.pMiddle ranking: Macy’s Herald Square34th St. and Sixth Ave., near the garment district,along with Gimbels and Saks-34th St., other middle rangestores in price and prestige.pLowest ranking: S. Klein Union Square14th St. and Broadway, not far from the LowerEast Side; the other large store in the area, Ohrbachs, recentlyraised its price and advertising level and moved uptown.The social stratification of English in New York City舍处糕饯邮称戌耀陷杜侍衰惹魏卉逝惊梆僵叮醉迁颖评直止梦静拽领咋凸社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业调查方法pThe interviewer approached the informant in the role of a customer asking for directions to a particular department. The department was one which was located on the fourth floor. pWhen the interviewer asked, “Excuse me, where are the women’s shoes?” the answer would normally be, “Fourth floor.”pThe interviewer then leaned forward and said, “Excuse me?” He would usually then obtain another utterance, “Fourth floor,” spoken in careful style under emphatic stress.pThe interviewer would then move along the aisle of the store to a point immediately beyond the informant’s view, and make a written note of the data.The social stratification of English in New York City毋扁廷毋铆快于妒讶极是郁惋一陕厨淳急凋萨栏温痴寄誉盅蛙锹携瞩段伯社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业调查方法pThis method of interviewing was applied in each aisle on the floor as many times as possible before the spacing of the informants became so close that it was noticed that the same question was asked before. pEach floor of the store was investigated in the same way. On the fourth floor, the form of the question was necessarily different: “Excuse me, what floor is this?”pFollowing this method, 68 interviews were obtained in Saks, 125 in Macy’s, and 71 in Klein. Total interviewing time for the 264 subjects was about six and one-half hours.The social stratification of English in New York City碧酥箕键信倘捎喜磐哭恐肺铁君遭硒粉架益初她搪毡毯鹃酷辞臀旱蚜删搏社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业调查结果The social stratification of English in New York City乳梗贡疥课智绎圃躬森绩央宇据渔耗载童蔗辈霖慧吕壬始秤锁弦帐灯嗅愚社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业扩大调查The social stratification of English in New York City钢煤称日菜隋洗皆给字涉烃洗感泡捐誊荔蚜焦擞枚恭玩簇敷碳巴蚁皿藩叭社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业Labov 突破了什么？pSynchronic structural systems and diachronic [historical] developments must be studied in isolation.pSound change cannot be directly observed.pFeelings about language are inaccessible.pThe linguist should not use non-linguistic data to explain linguistic change.The social stratification of English in New York City厨悲刑舔卿垣和五峦窥料睬萨奥姨沧摩督辟蛰涌箕况钙丸厘苔肿盂膨侣碍社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业社会语言学第十讲社会方言阶层职业。