greissue高频分类提纲.doc

GRE ISSUE题目分类第二类 行为类/教育类12"Peoples attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."18.★ “Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.”只有通过被迫对某个观点的质疑进行反驳，并把它与其他观点进行比较/排除异己，人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值.同意与异议.科学的每次进步以及社会的每次进步几乎都是在质疑中进行的.如，哈维William Harvey敢于质疑盖伦，使得医学又一次进步.William Harvey (1 April 1578 – 3 June 1657) was an English physician who was the first in the Western world to describe correctly and in exact detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart. 又如Vesalius维萨里, Michael Servetus塞尔维特是肺循环的发现人.静脉血液只能朝着心脏方向运行的论证，成为生理学由蒙昧走向科学的例子.只有当出现相反观点的时候我们才有动力去继续深入研究，同时也丰富了观察角度.同时防止懒惰的思想统治思维，不再满足于对某一想象以往的单一认识.分歧是指合理的质疑精神，最重要的人文精神：是科技创新发展的前提；市政官员施政的本质，学生求得真知的动力.质疑精神并不是排除异己，其实是思想交流而非排斥.过分质疑导致的非此即彼会阻碍科学的进步和发展.21"Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible."27. “No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking.”这个世界上，在行动或思维上墨守成规的人是不会获得成功的.新手和老手之墨守成规和成功不能一概吸收也不能一概批判.一个人如果一味墨守陈规，就很难突破前任对他的束缚，很难取得真正的成功.政治上的墨守成规会导致政治制度的僵化Rigid political system，经济上会导致发展死水backwater，学科上会让人变成井底之蛙.创新意识的重要性.一个真正获得伟大成功尤其是成就卓越的人都会具有创新精神、敢于摆脱传统束缚的人.如：著名化学家戴维一生在探索化学元素，最终成为世界上发现化学元素最多的人，同时还开创了许多真空地带，同时也是利用电解法得到碱金属元素的化学家，提拔了助手法拉第.Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829) was a British chemist and inventor.[1] He is probably best remembered today for his discoveries of several alkali and alkaline earth elements, as well as contributions to the discoveries of the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine. He invented the Davy lamp, which allowed miners to enter gassy workings. Berzelius called Davys 1806 Bakerian Lecture On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity[2] "one of the best memoirs which has ever enriched the theory of chemistry."[3] This paper was central to any chemical affinity theory in the first half of the nineteenth century.Michael Faraday, FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of the time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 and later led him to theories of planetary evolution.第三段：但是我们对于某一领域已有的成就要有批判地吸收.如哥白尼、开普勒Johannes Kepler和牛顿.establish , which laid a foundation of …Law of Gravity31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."35"No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise ones beliefs than to adhere to them."37"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect."62"The widespread idea that people should make self-improvement a primary goal in their lives is problematic because it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient."64"Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it."68"People make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be."71"Spending time alone makes one a better companion to others."74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."75"The people who make important contributions to society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others."81. “Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than to encourage progress.”对国家历史的热爱和崇敬往往对国家发展起阻碍作用，而不是推动作用.沙文主义——关于改革.适度的爱国主义是促进.墨守成规.过度地爱国导致沙文主义Chauvinism / jingoism.对于国家光辉历史的热爱，有助于激发爱国热情.它是国家民族凝聚力的原动力，通过了解一个国家的历史能够激发民族自豪感.同时，通过了解民族和国家的血泪史也能够提高全体公民的动力.历史是过去真实而客观的写照.回顾历史有助于解决现在很多问题，大量参考经验和失败教训.但是，任何事物都不宜过火.如：过度爱国导致沙文主义对社会发展有害impede.文化单边主义Unilateralism.在全球化背景下，重蹈文化优劣比较的覆辙.1991~1992年的克罗地亚内战，波黑内战.84. “In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.”在任何领域中，如果不首先接受该领域中过去研究成果的影响，就不可能会有意义重大的成功现在和过去任何现在事物都受到过去重大成就和失败的影响.正如牛顿所说，我所取得的成就是因为无数先辈的肩膀上."What Des-Cartes did was a good step. You have added much several ways, and especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philo。