Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计.ppt

Research Design: Using Quantitative Methods砷砌郡抵诬珊城瘤瘸喇短岭贼洪饼铬陇咎涛莲颇抄隔包循怪栽捅疥淄夏抨Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计ObjectivesBy the end of this session you will be able to:•Describe the experimental and quasi-experimental research approaches.•Formulate appropriate questions and hypotheses.•Identify populations and samples.•Describe the principles of research tool design (validity and reliability).梨肖丙脯渭情窘皮踊挣蛙昨怀调鸣讲丫掏雏阵斋雄贮校根认凛彪腕惋屑身Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Stages in the experimental design process智驭仟主渐舟心志揩陶斤痛瑚统斧草摸收茬莲邹镀是帜陨裸千矛抒线捐潭Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Identifying issues‘Good’ research topics might emerge:•From the literature.•Within workplace settings.•From previous projects/assignments.•From a sponsor.拙殿唐很速栖死篷致浑柿睬脑恿骤投左懒寒恃额褒鸟量而挞闽戚哄及啮树Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Review the literatureThe literature review of the research topicWhat are the key sources?What are the major issues and debates about the topic?What are the origins and definitions of the topic?What are the key theories, concepts and ideas?What is the epistemological and ontological basis for the subject?What are the main questions/problems that have been addressed to date?Source: adapted from Hart (1998)依社粘庆髓蕊绩赞凑叮蹭通捐吃严案丢蛋羔魁决间绘疾修产洼噎侵堪搐壮Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Develop questions/hypothesesKerlinger and Lee (2000) argues that a good research question:•Expresses a relationship between variables (e.g., company image and sales levels).•Is stated in unambiguous terms in a question format, and …•Must be capable of being operationally defined (Black, 1993).蚊说宙氯冻十溃羡留捅隶难哈戚欢铱斋主勃龚杠显皱椭伍潭检香野做俄跌Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Types of applied research questions – with examplesType of research questionExampleDescriptiveHow common is drug use amongst university students?NormativeHow serious is drug abuse amongst university studentsCorrelationWhat is the relationship between gender, academic performance and drug use amongst university students?ImpactHas the drug awareness campaign had any impact on the level of university student drug use?搅富搀屏奢蛛狐判骸已妮艾礁蝉椿云鸟港氖聂改沁妖卖韧睡折玲僵朱修姑Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计A hypothesis•Is a speculative statement of the relation between two or more variables.•Describes a research question in a testable format which predicts the nature of the answer.•Can be written as a directional statement, such as, ‘When this happens, then that happens’. 椭黄西绊谬滑擦涣媳惠氰卖烈蝗勉仓洞栈苔点卖竖浇升匈拜咀宵雌侄勺茧Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Identifying independent and dependent variables •Dependent variables - a variable that forms the focus of research, and depends on another (the independent or explanatory) variable.•Independent variable - used to explain or predict a result or outcome on the dependent variable.•Intervening variable – a hypothetical internal state, used to explain relationship between two observed variables..凿逐馈涉弊垛承骗咏若松钢聋都出掺乞壁缄旗趾请扩邑杨嚼灼澄那浪蚜森Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Conducting the study•Planning the design.•Gathering data.•Storing data.•Observing ethical guidelines.幕刀蛮蝎挽丈亚独匙梁擎援卧橱粳仲忍画州吊暗潜眠诗憨靖悦畦君瞒阳乌Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Using descriptive and inferential statistics•T-test data•Mann-Whitney U data•Chi-square data•Spearman’s rho data•Pearson Product Moment data•ANOVADescriptive statisticsInferential statistics e.g.牙忻储臼略好垫湿育屎武谈杂锡反铂慢警壹锥眺下床熔铰瘪刮要稍轮古焊Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Accept or reject the hypothesis•A hypothesis cannot be ‘proved’ to be right – all theories are provisional/tentative (until disproved).•Acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis based upon the weight of statistical evidence and probability entails: –The risk of accepting the hypothesis as true (when it is in fact false).–The risk of rejecting the hypothesis as false (when it is in fact true).铆园啃官灼棚粤典债暑烦狱锤木讶袄试引凰鬼瞪异闸芳梨嫂蜕步郭杯昨沃Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Preparing the formal reportWhy the study was conductedWhat research questions and hypotheses were evaluatedHow questions were turned into a research designWhat differences were observed between the hypotheses and the resultsWhat conclusions can be drawn – do these support or contradict the hypothesis and existing theories?赖访茂廖燥绥缉鲍捕冤霄堑弥瘟廓写始夸鸯泄及孵途篆曾查斑涎塞遇咯察Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Experimental design•The researcher has control over the experiment in terms of:–Who is being researched (subjects randomly assigned).–What is being researched.–When the research is to be conducted.–Where the research is to be conducted.–How the research is to be conducted. Typically, researchers often have no control over the ‘who’, having to use pre-existing groups – hence, a quasi-experimental design.跋常叹汗儡羡提冒勤镣宝贰尿瞅怎叶撑臃国霖熟九颖哮娩缄少晰姬硼钙窖Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Quasi-experimental designsQuasi-experimental designs are best used when:•Randomization is too expensive, unfeasible to attempt or impossible to monitor closely.•There are difficulties, including ethical considerations, in withholding the treatment.•The study is retrospective and the programme being studied is already underway.握趴细蛰佛卸遂纯舶看签窍渗瞻镭抗吗瓤赏刀相请弦貉殖违碍锗驻舔艰肛Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Differences in quantitative research designDifferences between experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental research抡务冯素卑栗藐酞饲傅锌嚎赠举魏裕隆降纹桨谋帮踏烦劫扶掐萎妓辗哩需Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Faulty quantitative designsOne group, pre-test/post-test problems:•Maturation effects•Measurement procedures•Instrumentation•Experimental mortality•Extraneous variables浩廖孪胶偿誊既闰委喊楚绿共跃陋躺竟蔷肉惋忽研画洋穴禄修使拯汉疲悬Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Sound quantitative designs (1)Experimental group with control胶护鸭骇郎颖尔订饯履墒肉蔷寇撂悍绸发异庇星夷蜗雏邪沼剖爵首烈攒生Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Sound quantitative designs (2)Quasi-experimental design with non-equivalent control哆尘席褂左频欠诈谷谢佩宿募净狙刹霄釜狸忿耘袍迎既陕幌辛朗稚邢销肺Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Generalizing from samples to populations To generalize, samples must be representative of the population, through:•Random probability sampling (but note problem of sampling error).宦吝梆仕拱警乏蚊柞伞府可藐逮肘尹甫家溯筷损狠赘忽适娘急喊住贩袜糜Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Types of probability sample•Simple random sample (where the sampling frame is equal to the population).•Stratified random sample (sampling from strata according to some characteristic e.g., geographical area, age, gender).•Cluster sample (e.g., a county, households in a street, schools in a town, etc.)•Stage sample (cluster sample followed by random selection from cluster).慌宅投死篷矫渔炼拇揭筏剩习漆炉病句节辑渡伪凰氧环弃萄菌竟枉甲塔遗Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Non-random sampling•Purposive: Subjects selected against one or more trait.•Quota: Non-random selection of subjects from identified strata until the planned number of subjects is reached. •Convenience or volunteer.•Snowball: Researcher identifies a small number of subjects, who, in turn, identify others in the population. 峡庄款耘濒巍痛孵泳葱猎汕京悠胸伍减恃蝇宴崩锰仿囊腿嗣用指素薪昭剖Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Instrument design: validity•Internal validity: The extent to which changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the independent variable.•External validity: This is the extent to which it is possible to generalize from the data to a larger population or setting. •Criterion validity: How people have answered a new measure of a concept, with existing, widely accepted measures of a concept .•Construct validity: The measurement of abstract concepts and traits, such as ability, anxiety, attitude, knowledge, etc. 叠甜七拌旅芦膊浮坡势优峪掌丫荚弦危匠舌支砾友责废眷拓冶沛撮赢砚流Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Instrument design: reliabilityReliability is the consistency between two measures of the same thing such as:•Two separate instruments.•Two like halves of an instrument (for example, two halves of a questionnaire).•The same instrument applied on two occasions.•The same instrument administered by two different people.气饯遥决控做媚豹噶招写素秘丑晤逛命拯漠衫骂腹坟瑰碗酝矽陈虹坪胀嫡Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Summary•Experimental research generally comprises two stages: the planning stage and the operational stage.•Experimental research begins from a priori questions or hypotheses that the research is designed to test. •Research questions should express a relationship between variables. A hypothesis is predictive and capable of being tested.•Dependent variables are what experimental research designs are meant to affect through the manipulation of one or more independent variables.•In a true experimental design the researcher has control over the experiment: who, what, when, where and how the experiment is to be conducted. This includes control over the who of the experiment – that is, subjects are assigned to conditions randomly.•Where any of these elements of control is either weak or lacking, the study is said to be a quasi-experiment.•In true experiments, it is possible to assign subjects to conditions, whereas in quasi-experiments subjects are selected from previously existing groups.•Research instruments need to be both valid and reliable. Validity means that an instrument measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability means that an instrument is consistent in this measurement 竞乱力权藤病叭吏铰迭澡衷幼嚏锹例溯增翠秽凤委营筋竭宰蒋守槛神今寐Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计Research design using quantitativemethods用定量的方法的研究的设计。