L2 Leading Men.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,*,,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,*,,*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,*,,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,*,,*,11. Leading Men,探险队队长,Landon Y. Jones,Introduction,For the celebration of,the 200th anniversary of the expedition,undertaken by Lewis and Clark, the author tells a story about the two men with regard to their personality, their cooperation and their influence on American history.,The author—Landon Y. Jones,,Jones, who used to be a writer at,Time,and editor of,Money and People,magazines, serves on the National Council of,the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial(,二百周年纪念,),. He devotes himself to telling the story of Clark and Lewis perhaps because he grew up in St. Louis, near where Lewis and Clark launched their expedition,in 1804,and where Clark spent the last years of his life, and he attended Clark Elementary School.,Landon Jones,He is able to go into the expedition that happened 200 years ago not only by spending a lot of time sitting in libraries leafing through archival (,档案馆的,) collections but also by,doing fieldwork,in sites central to the Lewis and Clark adventure. His biography of William Clark named,Iron Will,is acclaimed as a definitive (,最佳的,,,不可更改的,)one.,,President Thomas Jefferson,Thomas Jefferson,Thomas Jefferson,(April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was the,third,,President of the United States,(1801–1809), the principal author of the,Declaration of Independence,(1776), and one of the most influential,Founding Fathers,for his promotion of the ideals of,republicanism in the United States,.,Major events during his presidency include the,Louisiana Purchase,(1803) and the,Lewis and Clark Expedition,(1804–1806).,Louisiana Purchase 1803,路易斯安那购置地,,Although the Constitution made no provision(,规定,,,条款,) for the acquisition of new land, Jefferson suppressed his qualms (,焦虑,,,不安,) over constitutionality when he had the opportunity to acquire,the Louisiana Territory,from Napoleon in,1803,.,Louisiana Purchase 1803,,路易斯安那购置地,,Napoleon,拿破仑,,Louisiana Purchase,,Territory of the western United States purchased from France in 1803. The,largest single territorial addition,ever made to the United States, it comprised 2,100,000 sq km for $15 million, extending from,the Gulf of Mexico,northward to,the Canadian border,and from the,Mississippi River,westward to,the Rocky Mountains,and officially explored by the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–1806).,Departure, May 1804;,Return, Sep. 1806,Falls of the Ohio, Oct. 1803,Lewis and Clark Expedition,Upon the U.S. purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson asked Congress for $2,500 for an expedition west of the Mississippi. To explore the vast unknown territory of western America, in the winter of 1803-04 the expedition was assembled in Illinois, near St. Louis.,,,Jefferson chose his young secretary, captain Meriwether Lewis to head the expedition.,Lewis invited his friend lieutenant William Clark to share the leadership. Both were familiar with the frontier and with Indians through their service in the army.,Lewis and Clark Expedition,The party consisted of,14,soldiers,,9,frontiersmen from Kentucky,,2,French boatmen and Clark's servant,,York,. On a site close to present-day Stanton, North Dakota, the explorers,hired a French,interpreter,, and,his Indian wife,, Sacagawea, the sister of a Shoshone chief,. While at Fort Mandan, Sacagawea gave birth to,a baby boy,. As an Indian interpreter she proved invaluable. Her brother later provided the party with guides and horses for the difficult crossing of the lofty Bitterroot Range.,,Lewis and Clark Expedition,The expedition started near what is now known as Wood River, Illinois, passed through portions of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, reached the Pacific Ocean in November 1805. The party,reached St. Louis on Sept. 23, 1806,. Their arrival caused great rejoicing, for they had been believed dead. They had been gone,two years, four months, and nine days,,and had traveled about 6,000 miles (9,650 kilometers).,Significance of Lewis and Clark Expedition,Lewis and Clark brought back much new material for,map,makers and,specimens(,物种,) of previously unknown wildlife,. American settlers and traders soon began to travel over the route they had blazed(,大肆宣传,).,The,detailed,journals of the trip contribute a priceless narrative of North American exploration and did much to open the way for westward expansion.,Portrait of Meriwether Lewis by Charles Willson Peale, ca 1807.,Meriwether Lewis,(1774-1809),Meriwether Lewis is remembered as the U.S. explorer who led the first,transcontinental expedition,to the Pacific Northwest with William Clark. He developed a love of the wilderness and became an expert hunter as a boy. He served in the regular army and became private secretary to President Thomas Jefferson in 1801.,Meriwether Lewis,(1774-1809,He studied botany, zoology and navigation to prepare for the mission of exploring the west. His successful leadership of the expedition and harmonious co-operation with William Clark have made him a worthy memory in the American history of westward movement. Yet his mysterious death in the position of Governor of Louisiana Territory is still a subject of controversy.,,Portrait of William Clark by Charles Willson Peale, ca. 1810.,William Clark,(1770-1838),William Clark won fame as an explorer by co-leading the first overland expedition to the Pacific Northwest from 1804 to 1806. William entered military service in 1789 and fought in several campaigns against the Indians. His sharing with Lewis leadership of the epic transcontinental expedition proved him,a daring and resourceful partner,,,a capable mapmaker and artist,. He was awarded 1,600 acres of public land as well as,superintendent,(,主管人,) of Indian affairs. From 1813 he served as Governor of the Missouri Territory and played an essential role in the development of the area.,Text Organization,The text can be roughly divided into four parts.,,Part I (Paras 1-3): About the two captains,,Part II (Paras 4-8): Before the expedition,,Part III (Paras 9-13): During the Expedition,,Part IV(Paras 14-22): After the Expedition,Part I (Paras 1-3),The differences and similarities of the two captains.,,New words in the Introduction,send sb. on an exploration of,派某人勘探某地,:,,,exploration,:,the act of traveling through a place in order to find out about it or look for something in it,勘探,,,探索,,the exploration of space,对宇宙空间的探索,,oil exploration,石油勘探,,Locate a water connection,(route),寻找一条水路,,expedition,:,an organized journey with a particular purpose, esp to find out a place that is not known,远征,,,探险,,,考察,,,/to go on an expedition to the North Pole,去北极考察,New words,4.,The falls of the Ohio,俄亥俄河的瀑布,,,falls: a large amount of waterfalling down from a height,,5.,impossibly close quarters,(l. 4): very small places,,6.,They, and several enlisted men, kept journals whose published throw weight equals 13 volumes, 30 lbs., and 18 in. of bookshelf and approximately 1 million words.,参考译文,他们和几个他们招募的队员,(,士兵,),,写下的日志出版后达,13,卷,,30,磅,,,在书架上占了,18,英寸（,1 inch=2.54centimeters, 45.72,厘米）,,,大约有,100,万字。

New words,7.,notwithstanding,: without being affected by sth.; in spite of sth.,尽管这样,;,虽然,,They travelled on, ~ the rain.,,Language difficulties ~, he soon grew to love the country and its people.,,8.,The more we learn about the two captains who gave their names to the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the more powerful becomes their,pull,on our imagination.,,,pull:,,influence, power,,,,--Their influence on our imagination becomes more powerful when we learn more about them.,,参考译文,撇开这些有明确记载的史实不谈，我们对两位队长了解越多,--,“刘易斯和克拉克探险”，便是以他们命名的,--,，他们就越发强烈地激发着我们的想象力。

Personality: contrast,9.,brooding (Lewis): sad and mysterious or threatening,幽怨的，幽思的,,,森然的,,10. genial (Clark): friendly and cheerful,友好的,,,亲切的,,,欢快的,,Similarities,Both Virginians,,Army officers,,Six-footers (1 foot=30.48 centimeters, 1.83m),,Experienced outdoorsmen,,Have experiences dealing with Indians,,Share interest in ethnology, paleontology, zoology, and botany,,Fearless spellers,,10. Play off,使相斗,in contrast to, opposed to,,She,~ed,her two rivals,off against each other,and got the job herself.,“鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。

11. Hit the road /trail,（口）,: start on a journey,上路,,Meriwether Lewis as opposed to William Clark,---,(the contrast is just like) the serious Jeremy Irons going on a journey with the funny John Goodman.,12.They were both fearless spellers. (l 24),Clark’s,,spelling,Standard spelling,Looner,,Water millions,,Bearfooted,,Untied States,,herd (L 145),,,L,unar (,月亮的,),Water melons,Barefooted (,光脚的,),,United States,heard,The first American dictionary: Noah Webster’s 1806,A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language,They were both fearless spellers. (L. 22),,By fearless spellers, Jones refers to the two leaders' many,creative spellings,of their own.,,Neither of them were afraid of making spelling mistakes.,New words,13.,In fairness,: used to introduce a statement that defend sb who has just been criticized,公正地说,,,不能怪某人,,14.,erratic,: not following any pattern,不规则的,,,不稳定的,Paraphrase,To be just and honest, even those Americans who had received the best education did not consistently spell words correctly until Noah Webster’s dictionary set the standard spellings of words 20 years later.,Questions,What was Clark like? What was Lewis like?,,Key,Lewis was serious and mysterious; Clark was genial, friendly, and cheerful.,Question,2. What experiences and interests do they share?,,,,,Part II (Paras 4-8): Before the expedition,The author tells us what Lewis and Clark were doing before the expedition and how they received the mission from President Thomas Jefferson.,,He also tells us,two interesting incidents,which happened before and at the start of the expedition to reveal their characters.,,,New words,frontiersman,: a man living on the frontier esp one who lived in the Western US during the 19th century,拓荒者,,trek,: spend time walking in mountains and for enjoyment and interest,（在山中）远足，徒步旅行,,3.,A youth of solid and promising parts,（坚定可靠，前途光明的青年）,,--Clark is a young man with,reliable,and good abilities for a successful future. He is also very brave like the Roman general and dictator Caesar.,New words,4.,Settle one’s debts,: pay the money that you owe,付清（欠款）,,/Please settle your bill before leaving the hotel.,请先结帐再离开旅馆。

5.,a point of land,(l. 39): a piece of land,,,--,兄弟两个当时正住在能俯瞰位于路易斯维尔南部的俄亥俄河的一块土地上，威廉收到了老战友写来的令他吃惊的信件6.,Substitute,: a person or thing that takes the place of,替代的，代用的,,/,She saw him as a sort of substitute father.,在她心目中，他像是替代父亲角色的人/the ~ of the President;,,/Fiction is a poor ~ for real experience,.,,扩充,:surrogate mother,代孕母亲,surrogate,替代的,,,代孕的,,New words,7.,Interior (n.),内部,,,里面；腹地,,,a house with a classical ~ and a modern exterior;,,explorers who penetrated deep into the ~;,,,,--,路易斯告诉克拉克说，杰斐逊总统派他带队探索“北美内陆地区，或者位于密苏里河与哥伦比亚河之间的地带。

此外，路易斯想让克拉克和他一起作探险队长New words,8. sign up/on,: to sign a form or contract which says that you agree to do a job or become a soldier; to persuade sb to sign a form or contract like that,使签约受雇,(,或入伍,),,,/,He signed on for five years in the army.,,/The company has signed up threetop models for the fashion show,.,,9.,backup choice,: alternative co-commander,备选人,,,backup,: sth that can be used if the original is lost damaged,备份,,Diff. sentence,难句,But now, leaving George in his family’s care,,William accepted,“cheerfully,” and “with much pleasure”—,just in time to prevent Lewis from signing up his backup choice, an Army lieutenant named Moses Hooke.,(L. 53-56),,--If William had accepted Lewis's invitation a little bit later, Lewis would have officially issued the appointment to his alternative, an Army lieutenant named Moses Hooke.,.,Diff. sentence,10. When Clark’s anticipated commission as a,captain,instead came through as,second lieutenant,—,a,,misstep,that still rankled years later—they never told their men and treated each other as equals--placing them among the few effective co-CEOS in organizational history. (L.55,－,59),New words,captain,: an officer of fairly high rank in the navy, the army and the US air force(,海军,),上校,,(,陆军或空军,),上尉,,second lieutenant,: an officer of lower rank in the army (,陆军或空军,),少尉,,lieutenant,: an officer of middle rank in the army(,海军,),上尉,;(,陆军或空军,),中尉,,misstep,: a mistake, a wrong action,Paraphrase,Clark had expected to be commissioned as a captain, however, he was appointed as a second lieutenant. This was a wrong action which made Clark angry and upset years later.,,But Clark accepted the commission, and the two men never told the team this and treated each other as equals. Their harmonious cooperation made them among the few successful co-CEOs in history.,,,参考译文,当克拉克预期的任命由上尉变成少尉时,—,这是一着多年以后仍让人耿耿于怀的错棋,—,他们从未告诉过手下，并且始终平等相待，这使他们跻身管理史上少数几位卓有成效的合作首席执行官之列。

Questions,What was Clark like? What was he doing shortly before the expedition?,,,,Key,Clark was 33, an experienced soldier and frontiersman. As an army officer, he had trekked the Ohio valley and fought the Indians.,,He had resigned his commission in part to help settle his brother’s debts.,Question,2. What was Lewis doing then? What was the mission he received from President Jefferson?,Key,Lewis had been working in the White House as Jefferson’s private secretary. And the President was a surrogate father to him.,,He received the mission to explore the interior of the continent of North America, esp to locate a water route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.,Question,3. What were the two men’s response when Clark’s anticipated commission as a captain instead came through as second lieutenant?,Key,Clark was not happy but accepted it. They never told the team this commission and treated each other as equals.,Part III (Paras 9-13): During the Expedition,The author uses three instances (Paras 9-11) to depict the two captains’ different personalities.,,With so many contrasts, they managed to co-command the expedition successfully through mutual respect, trust and cooperation.,,,New words,Apportioned: to divide sth among people,分配,,,分派,,,分担,,Operating responsibilities,:,具体工作责任,,Brokered,: arrange the details of an arrangement, esp between different countries,安排,,,协商,,/a peace plan brokered by the UN,,4. Mercurial,: often changing and reacting in a way that is unexpected,多边的,;,变幻莫测的,,Emily’s mercurial temperament made her difficult to live with.,,,Mercury,: the smallest planet in the Solar system, nearest to the sun,水星,,,mercury,:,水银,Diff. sentence,5. He,brokered,the crucial early compromise that ended a conflict with the Teton Sioux. (L. 64-65),,--Clark negotiated the most critical early agreement with the Teton Sioux that ended a confrontation,.,,参考译文,克拉克与苏族人谈判,,,达成了早期一个重要的协议,,,终止了与苏族人的一次冲突,.,New words,6. He could speak fluently and learnedly on all subjects, but his inveterate,disposition,against the British,stained,, at least in our eyes, all his eloquence. (L. 73-75),,disposition,: the natural quality of a person’s character,性情,, (,文,),倾向,,,,*,a,,boy of calm, cheerful, genial ~;,,,,Paraphrase,Lewis could speak fluently with good knowledge on all subjects, but,his rooted tendency to go against the British,damaged his skilful speaking, at least as far as we could see.,New words,7.,well-informed,: having or showing knowledge or information about many subjects or about one particular subject,见多识广,,,消息灵通的,,,知识渊博的,,8.,for he seemed to dislike giving offense unnecessarily,,—for he never offended anyone when it was unnecessary.,他从不无故冒犯任何人。

Sacagawea,：,Sacagawea.doc,A guide,,An interpreter,,A symbol of peace,9.,aloof,: not friendly or interested in other people,冷漠，冷淡,,/,He was a cold man, aloof and distant.,他是个冷漠严肃的人，令人难以接近10.,dismiss sb as,: to decide that sb/sth is not important or not worth thinking or talking about,不与考虑，认为不值一提,,/,She was ~ed as a dreamer.,,/The police ~ed this incident as a “misunderstanding,”.,,11.,observe,(fml),：,to make a remark,评论，说话,,/He ~d that it would probably rain.,12.,assume sole leadership,: undertake all responsibilities alone,,13.,forge ahead,,（,L. 88,）,: go ahead,前进,,,The army forged ahead through the snowfield.,,14.,strike out ahead,(L.91) : go ahead,前进,,,The swimmers stroke out ahead to cross the English channel.,,,15. (L. 95),accidentally shot in the backside,意外被击中后背侧,,New words,16. Perplexed at the junction of the Missouri and Marias rivers, the men,unanimously,“pronounced the (north) fork to be the Missouri,,”,,—When the party was confused and didn’t know which river was the Missouri, they listened to their leaders.,,,unanimously,: if a group of people are unanimous, , they all agree about sth,意见一致，一致同意,,,fork:,a place where a road, river divides into two parts; either of there two parts,分叉处,,,分流处,,,岔路,,,支流,,New words,17.,overruled,: to change a decision or reject an idea from a position of greater power,（以权利）否决，拒绝,New words,18.,look over their shoulders,: to be anxious and have the feeling that sb is going to do sth unpleasant or harmful to you,惴惴不安，小心提防,,19.,contend with,,(L. 105): struggle against,,同,……,搏斗,,Many lower-class people in the developing countries are contending with poverty.,,20.,blizzard,(L. 106) n. A very heavy snowstorm with high winds.,大风雪,;,伴随有大风的大雪,,New words,21.,boiling,: dangerous and violent,,22.,rapids:,part of a river where the water flows very fast, usu. over rocks,（河的）急流；湍急的河水,,,--,当他们和,31,名队员与饥饿、疾病、大风雪、烈日、急流、狂暴的灰熊以及无情的“蚊虫”叮咬的折磨搏斗时，我们就在他们身边。

25. We know about the Indians who helped them,Pocahontas and John Smith,,Diff. sentence,27. We are in the canoe with Clark when he writes, “Ocean in view! O! the joy,”,straining,to hear the waves,breaking on the shore,he had sought for so long. (L. 109-111),,,--When we read the part where Clark writes about their final arrival at the ocean, we seem to be there with him and,try with all our might,to hear the waves breaking on the seashore he had been looking for all the time.,,,in view,: in sight,,,break,: (of waves) when waves break, they fall and are dissolved into foam, usu near the shore,(,波涛,),拍岸,,,迸溅,,,/,the sound of waves breaking on the beach,浪涛拍岸的声音,Part IV(Paras 14-22)After the Expedition,The team failed to locate a water route between the two oceans, but they made peaceful contact with native Americans and brought a rich understanding of the peoples, geography, plants and animals of the Western US.,New words,unambiguous,: clear in meaning; that can be understood in only one way,清楚的，,明确的,,,毫不含糊的,,yardstick,(L. 114) n. a graduated measuring stick,码尺， 准绳,,,Judged by that yardstick,: If we are to judge the expedition by whether it had discovered a water route between the oceans,,如果用这个标准来衡量,Diff. sentence,3. If nothing else, later traders and settlers,,appalled,by the expedition’s experience, learned where not to go and found a friendlier route along the Platte River across Nebraska and over South Pass in Wyoming. (L.118,－,121),,,appal,(L. 118) /v. frighten, horrify,,惊骇,Paraphrase,Later traders and settlers learned a lesson from the expedition’s experience and found a better route along the Platte River across Nebraska and over South Pass in Wyoming.,参考译文,就算这次探险毫无成果，它至少使后来的商人和拓荒者受益匪浅，他们被探险队的经历吓坏了，知道了这条路不能走。

他们找到了一条更好走的路，即沿着普拉特河穿越内布拉斯加州，再从怀俄明州的南通道翻过去Diff. sentence,4. But beset by,administrative battles,in his new job as Governor of Louisiana Territory, frustrated in his,romantic aspirations,and sinking into a depression fueled by alcohol and possibly disease, Lewis developed one of history’s monumental cases of,writer’s block,. (L. 132,－,136),,,beset,: be affected in an unpleasant or harmful way,困扰,New words,Administrative battles,: the daily routines of managing and organizing work of 。