医学组织胚胎学学习指导与同步习题版修改稿.doc

目 录第1章　组织学绪论1第2章　上皮组织4第3章　结缔组织8第4章　软骨和骨11第5章　血液和血细胞发生15第6章　肌组织19第7章　神经组织23第9章　循环系统27第10章　免疫系统31第11章　皮肤36第12章　内分泌系统40消化系统46第13章　消化管47第14章　消化腺52第15章　呼吸系统56第16章　泌尿系统61第17章　男性生殖系统67第18章　女性生殖系统72第19章　眼和耳77第20章　胚胎学总论和畸形学概论82第21章　颜面、颈和四肢的发生89第22章　消化系统和呼吸系统的发生92第23章　泌尿系统和生殖系统的发生97第24章　心血管系统的发生101第1章组织学绪论INTRODUCTION OF HISTOLOGY目的与要求l 了解组织学的研究内容及其在医学课程中的地位l 了解组织学与胚胎学的常用研究技术，基本原理 l 掌握嗜酸性、嗜碱性、电子密度高与电子密度低的含义OUTLINEThe beginning student of histology is frequently confronted by a paradox: diagrams in many books that illustrate human microanatomy in a simplified, cartoon-like manner are easy to understand, but are difficult to relate to actual tissue specimens or photographs. Inturn, photographs often fail to show some important features of a given tissue, because no individual specimen can show all of the tissues salient features equally well. Thisatlas, filled with photo-realistic drawings, was prepared to help bridge the gap between the simplicity of diagrams and the more complex reality of microstructure.All of the figures in this atlas were drawn from histological preparations used by students in my histology classes, at the level of light microscopy. Each drawing is not simply a depiction of an individual histological section, but is also a synthesis of the key structures and features seen in many preparations of similar tissues or organs. The illustrations are representative of the typical features of each tissue and organ. The atlas serves as a compendium of the basic morphological characteristics of human tissue which students should be able to recognize.Instead of using abbreviations and symbols, each drawing has been clearly labeled to aid students in recognizing the relevant structures, and is accompanied by a legend to provide a concise summary of the structural, functional and physiological features of the tissue or organ depicted. Features that are labeled in figures are highlighted as bold terms when they appear in the legend. The stain used in preparing each specimen is indicated, as is an approximate magnification(“low”=20×to 100×”,medium”=100× to 400×,”high”=400× to 1200×).In nearly all cases the organ from which the tissue specimen was derived is identified, as is the organism. Most figures are drawn from human tissues, but in a number of cases the features of certain tissues are best revealed in another mammal. The tissue sources used in this atlas are the same as those commonly used in histology laboratory courses.Tissuses are composed of cells and extracellular matrix. The primary tissues are epithelial tissue,connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue. Organs are composed of the primary tissues that vary in their types,numbers,and styles of composition. Some organs related in functions are composed of a system.Mainly histological techniques: light microscopy (paraffinsectioning),Electron microscopy,Immunohistochemistry,In situ hybridization,Cell culture and tissue engineering.练习题一、选择题单项选择题1．PAS反应显示：A．蛋白质B．多糖 C．脂肪D．核糖核酸2．免疫组织化学主要显示：A．蛋白质、多肽B．多糖 C．脂肪D．核糖核酸3．原位杂交技术是检测：A.蛋白质B．多糖 C．脂肪D．核糖核酸4．对分辨率的表述中，哪一项是错误的A．人裸眼的分辨能力为0.1mmB．光学显微镜分辨能力可达0.2μm C．电子显微镜的分辨能力为0.2nm D．扫描显微镜的分辨能力可达到原子水平二、填空题1．Tissues are composed of__________, __________, __________and__________.2．Staining method commonly used is _______ staining，_______in abbreviation.3．人裸眼的分辨能力仅为__________；光学显微镜的分辨能力可达__________；电子显微镜的分辨能力为__________。

4．电镜照片上，某结构呈深黑色或深灰色，习惯称该结构为__________；反之呈浅灰色，称__________三、名词解释1. Tissue2. HE staining 3. Basophilia4. Acidophilia5. High electron-density6. Low electron-density7. Immunocytochemistry四、问答题简述石蜡切片、HE染色的基本程序五、讨论与趣味思考题假如你是一位临床医师，你如何应用所学的组织学技术进行临床科学研究？参考答案一、选择题1.B 2.A 3.D 4.D二、填空题1.epithelial tissueconnective tissuemuscular tissuenervous tissue2. hematoxylineosin HE 3. 0.1mm 0.2μm 0.2nm4. 电子密度高 电子密度低 三、名词解释1．组织：是由细胞群和细胞外基质构成的人体组织可分上皮组织、结缔组织、肌组织、神经组织，它们在胚胎时期的发生来源、细胞构成、形态特点及功能等方面各具特点。

2．HE染色：用苏木精(Hematoxylin)伊红(Eosin)染色的方法称为HE染色苏木精染液为碱性，主要使细胞核内的染色质与胞质内的核糖体着蓝色；伊红为酸性染料，主要使细胞质和细胞外基质中的成分着红色3. 嗜碱性：易于被碱性染料着色的性质称为嗜碱性4．嗜酸性：易于被酸性染料着色的性质称为嗜酸性5. 电子密度高：组织用重金属染色后，在透射电子显微镜下观察，某结构呈现的图像较黑，则称该结构电子密度高6.电子密度低：组织用重金属染色后，在透射电子显微镜下观察，某结构呈现的图像较浅，则称该结构电子密度低7．免疫细胞化学：是将免疫学基本原理与细胞化学技术相结合而建立起来的技术，主要是应用根据抗原与抗体特异性结合的原理，检测细胞内某些肽类和蛋白质等大分子物质的分布 四、问答题石蜡切片、HE染色的基本程序：①取材和固定 用蛋白质的凝固剂（如甲醛）固定新鲜的组织块，以保存组织的原本结构；②脱水和包埋 30℅～100℅酒精 →二甲苯 → 液体蜡（52℃～58℃）→ 冷却；③切片和染色 用组织切片机切成5～10μm薄片，用苏木精和伊红染色苏木精染液为碱性，主要使细胞核内的染色质与胞质内的核糖体着紫蓝色；伊红为酸性染料，主要使细胞质和细胞外基质中的成分着红色。

④封片 切片经脱水等处理后，滴加树胶，用盖玻片密封保存张洪芹）第2章上皮组织EPITHELIAL TISSUE目的与要求l 掌握上皮组织的一般特点和分类l 掌握各种被覆上皮的结构特点、分布和功能l 掌握微绒毛和纤毛的光镜、电镜结构特点和功能l 掌握上皮细胞侧面的连接结构、基膜的位置、光镜、电镜结构和功能l 了解腺上皮和腺的概念，内分泌腺、外分泌腺的发生及结构特点，外分泌腺的结构和分类，腺细胞的类型OUTLINEEpithelial tissues are formed by closely apposed regular polygonal cells. The characters of the tissue are closely apposed, a number of cells. The epithelial cells hav。