41AncientChineseEducation中国传统文化.ppt

Ancient Chinese EducationChapter 5文艺小组：廖莘茹 张艺恒 唐雅雯 陶康玲 乔国军 王扬Teaching Plan for Chinese education•Teaching aim•To be able to know the history of ancient private school•To be able to know the system of present education•To be able to know the difference from Chinese education and America education •Teaching points•The expression about ancient private school.•The distinguish of private school and public school•Teaching procedures•Step 1: pre-reading activities• Q: share a short movie and some pictures to Ss.•Step 2: while-reading activities• 1. Teacher shows the picture about some old campus. Ask Ss to Look at the ppt and teacher give an introduction about private school and public school• 2. Ask student discuss the difference from Chinese education and America education •Step 3: post-reading activities•Summarize•homework•Write a short essay about Chinese education (e.g. university entrance examination)The Earliest Education– According to the written records in ancient books，，early about 4000 years ，，the school education had appearanced. In Western Zhou Dynasty，，the system of school education had become matured.The official schools were sponsored by the official constitution called GuanXue. Meanwhile，，another kind of learning began to arise and come into form，，its SiXue, private schools.The Earliest Education•Shang Xiang (上庠: shàng xiáng), was a school founded in the Yu Shun 虞舜 era in China. Shun (舜, 2257 BCE–2208 BCE), the Emperor of the Kingdom of Yu 虞, or 有虞Youyu, founded two schools. One was Shang Xiang (shang 上, means up, high), and the other one was Xia Xiang 下庠, xia 下means down, low. Shang Xiang was a place to educate noble youth. Teachers at Shang Xiang were generally erudite博学的, elder and noble persons. The Development of Ancient Education•Spring and Autumn Period–Confucius’ private school:•3000 disciples;•72 virtuous and talented students• --Confucius’ educational ideas:–“Education should be for all, irrespective of their social status.”（有教无类）–“Six arts”: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing, and arithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数）–“Confused is one who learns without pondering; endangered is one who ponder without learning.”(学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆) –Extrapolation（推论）: if I hold up one corner and a student cannot come back to me with the other three, I do not go on with the lesson. (举一隅不以三反，则不复也)汉代学制结构汉代学制结构The Development of Ancient Education•In Han Dynasty Taixue (太学太学) which literally means Greatest Study or Learning was the highest rank of educational establishment in capital.•Taixue taught Confucianism and Chinese literature among other things for the high level civil service. The Taixue was located in the capital of Chang'an and local schools established in the provinces and in the main cities of the smaller counties.The basic system of local education was set up.Development of ancient education•From Tang Dynasties to Ming and Qing Dynasties–The Guozijian (国子监): Imperial Academy or Imperial College •Song Dynasty–Shuyuan (书院): private educational organization唐代学制结构唐代学制结构北京国子监北京国子监Guozijian（国子监）（国子监）•The Guozijian (国子监), the School of the Sons of State sometimes called the Imperial Central School, Imperial Academy or Imperial College was the national central institute of learning in Chinese dynasties after the Sui. It was the highest institute of learning in China's traditional educational system. •Guozijian were located in the national capital of each dynasty -- Chang'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, and Nanjing. In Ming there were two capitals; thus there were two Guozijian, one in Nanjing and one in Beijing. The Guozijian, located in the Guozijian Street (or Chengxian street) in the Eater District, Beijing, the imperial college during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties (although most of its buildings were built during the Ming Dynasty) was the last Guozijian in China and is an important national cultural asset. Song DynastyShuyuan (书院): private educational organization •The Shūyuàn (书院), usually known in English as Academies or Academies of Classical Learning, were a type of school in ancient China. Unlike national academy and district schools, shuyuan were usually private establishments built away from cities or towns, providing a quiet environment where scholars could engage in studies and contemplation without restrictions and worldly distractions.•In the late Qing dynasty, schools teaching Western science and technology were established. Many such schools were called Shuyuan in Chinese. Despite the common name, these shuyuan are quite modern in concept and are quite different from traditional academies of classical learning. Shuyuan (书院：书院：Academies) •Shuyuan as a modern term•In the late Qing dynasty, schools teaching Western science and technology were established. Many such schools were called Shuyuan in Chinese. Despite the common name, these shuyuan are quite modern in concept and are quite different from traditional academies of classical learning. •In discussing the shuyuan, it is common to speak of the "Four Great Academies" (四大书院) of ancient China. Usually the "Four Great Academies" refers to the Four Great Academies of the Northern Song. However, sources give a number of different lists, sometimes expanded to Six or Eight Great Academies. Only one academy, the Yuelu Academy, appears in all lists. Each school went up or down the list in different periods. White Deer Grotto Academy had long been an outstanding academy. As for the impact on the politics of China, Donglin Academy in the Ming Dynasty is especially notable.•Songyang Academy•Yingtianfu Academy•Yuelu Academy•White Deer Grotto Academy•白鹿洞书院为宋代四大书院之首。

位于江西省庐山五老峰南麓后屏山下（星子县白鹿镇境内），西有左翼山，南有卓尔山，三山环台，一水（贯道溪）中流，无市井之喧，有泉石之胜 全院山地面积为3000亩，建筑面积为3800平方米山环水合，幽静清邃 ，为中国重点文物保护单位书院“始于唐、盛于宋，沿于明清”，至今已有1000多年•岳麓书院位于湖南长沙南岳七十二峰最末一峰的岳麓山脚，是我国目前保存最完好的一座古代书院岳麓书院始建于北宋初期 •嵩阳书院，位于河南省登封市区北2.5公里嵩山南麓，背靠峻极峰，面对双溪河，因坐落在嵩山之阳而得名嵩阳书院 •应天书院，又名睢阳书院、南京书院位于商丘县城南因为商丘在唐供称为睢阳，北宋景德三年（1006）升为应天府Education in Ming and Qing Dynasties.•The eight-legged essay (八股文八股文) was a style of essay writing that had to be mastered to pass the imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is named so because it was divided into eight sections.•Opening (破題破題): Two sentences of prose whose function is to broach the topic. •Amplification (承題承題): Five sentences of prose, elaborating upon and clarifying the theme. •Preliminary exposition (起講起講): Prosaic writing •Initial argument (起股起股): A specified number (4, 5, 8 or 9) of sentence pairs written in parallel, developing the initial argument. The parallel sentences address the topic and convey similar meanings, with similar structure but different words. •Central argument (中股中股): Sentences written in parallel, with no limit as to their number, in which the central points of the essay are expounded freely. •Latter argument (後股後股): Sentences written in parallel, with no limit as to their number. Here, points not addressed in the previous section are discussed; otherwise, the writer may continue padding the ideas in the central argument. It is to be written in a serious tone rooted in realism. •Final argument (束股束股): Parallel sentence groups, each one consisting of either two to three, or else four to five, lines. Here, the main theme is revisited and loose ends are tied up. •Conclusion (大結大結): Prosaic writing where free expression and creativity are allowed. The concluding remarks are made here. 八股文中的八股文中的“八股八股”名称名称•破题破题：将题目字面意义破释。

•承题承题：将破题中紧要之意，承接而下，引申而言，使之晓畅要求明快关连，不可脱节•起讲起讲：浑写题意，笼罩全局•起股起股：开始发议论•中股中股：内容是全篇的重心所在，必须尽情发挥，进一步搜剔题中正反神理奥妙，要求锁上关下，轻松灵活，宜虚不宜实•后股后股：作用是畅发中比所未尽，或推开，或垫衬，要求庄重踏实，振起全篇精神•束股束股：用来回应、提醒全篇而加以收束•大结大结：全文结束语，不用圣贤口气，可以发挥己意The Civil Service Examination•Two Categories:•1.scholarly arts•（文举）•2.militaristic arts•（武举）科考流程图PAGE 151Present Educational SystemWhere are the differences of Where are the differences of family education between America family education between America and China ?and China ?2012-10-30 care about childen’s future too much believe that the growth of childen must rely on themselvesspousejobindependencehouseHow To React If Children Are Wrong ?By Telling them stories and playing with them to let them learn right from wrong?OrYelling at them and using physical punishment?•test, score--- China•interest, pursuit --- AmericaChinese education focuses on the knowledge to accumulate and indoctrinate, on how students use and manage the knowledge they learned in school , and on how to understand the knowledge system structure. American care more about how students use knowledge in society. It lets student challenge the knowledge, animadvert ideas, and focus on, exploit or create knowledge.accumulate and indoctrinate knowledgeuse and manage the knowledge they learnedchallenge the knowledge animadvert ideas, exploit or create knowledgeFocus on Care more aboutAmerican school: more group projects, self-expression, role-playing, experiments, debates, etc.Chinese school: more repetition, memorizing facts,and homework1.Chinese parents must cultivate their childen’s consciousness of independence ,self-support,cooperation and the spirit of caring for others.2. Less Homework, More Extracurriculars，，and attach equal importance to IQ and EQ education because opportunities to develop and enhance their qualities in many aspect are badly needed in chinese.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。