浅析全生命周期成本管理(1).doc

浅析全生命周期造价成本管理Some Britain and the United States actual workers and engineering cost of scholars put forward a new theory of project cost In the late 1970s and early 80s, the whole life cy cost theory. Then it evolved into a very standard and perfect theory system under promoting of the royal surveyors groups and vigorously. Through Europe and the United States and other developed countries scholars and practitioners constantly improve and promote, it has been widely used in developed countries at present. Under the background of economic globalization and socialist market economic system gradually perfect, from the whole process of engineering cost management to whole lifecycle engineering cost management is the inevitable trend.1 WHC理论概述In the late 1970s and early 80s, British and American scholars put forward the whole life cost to achieve the goal of minimizing the total life cycle cost management (WLC, whole life cost). Total life cycle theory of engineering cost is the total life cycle cost analysis which is applied to the engineering cost theory, that has become the project investment decision-making,and is an effective analysis tool, also a kind of alternative mathematical method used to select project.20世纪70年头末和80年头初英美的一些实际工作者和造价工程界的学者提出了一种全新的工程造价理论—全生命周期造价工程理论，此后在英国皇家测量师的组织和大力推动下，演化成一个特别规范和完善的理论体系。

经过欧美等发达国家学者以及实际工作者的不断完善、推广，目前在发达国家已经被普遍采纳随着我国经济全球化的加剧和社会主义市场经济体制的渐渐完善，工程造价管理的理论及方法由全过程工程造价管理转变为全生命周期工程造价管理是必定趋势在经济全球化和社会主义市场经济体制渐渐完善的背景下，从全过程工程造价管理向全生命周期工程造价管理转变是必定趋势1 WLC理论概述20世纪70年头末和80年头初，英美一些学者提出了以实现整个生命周期总造价最小化为目标的全生命周期造价管理理论（WLC，whole life cost)全生命周期工程造价理论是将全生命周期成本分析应用于工程造价理论，目前已成为工程项目投资决策的一种有效分析工具，也是一种用来选择工程备选方案的数学方法全生命周期造价管理是建筑设计的一种指导思想和手段，一种实现工程项目全生命周期，包括建设前期、建设期、运用期和翻新与拆除期等阶段总造价最小化的方法的投资决策分析工具，可以计算工程项目整个服务期的全部成本(以货币值)，干脆的、间接的、社会的、环境的等等，以确定设计方案的一种技术方法2 全生命周期造价成本分析2．1 全生命周期造价成本的分析步骤全生命周期造价成本的分析步骤分为确定问题分析、分析方法、分析假设、预料计算全生命周期造价成本。

1）问题分析对现有的方案确定、投资决策和初步设计选材等仅考虑建设期的初始资本成本进行分析，依照以往统计数据或专家阅历推断，考虑运用期的各项成本要超出初始资本成本，提出分析引进全生命周期工程造价的必要性和可行性2）建立公共的假设和参数在生命周期成本分析中常用到三类假设，分别为经济假设、工程学上的假设和其它假设经济假设包括折现率、残值、市场价格的运用、探讨周期、时间适应、能源上涨价格、基期和服务期；工程学上的假设包括项目设计生命期、材料服务生命期；其他假设包括成本和数据模型和预料的精确性和可行性3）确定相应的达到目标的可行的分析方法采纳未确知数学方法，估算各项成本，并转化为现值依据现值，预料出整个生命周期成本单价最可能区间4）估计相关的成本和发生的时间5）计算生命周期成本当全部有关的成本己经被建立并折现成现值，这些成本加总就成为生命周期总成本这些成本包括初始化投资、运行、维护和修理、残值6）依据成本计算结果，做出比较分析2．2 全生命周期造价成本的计算模型依据工程项目的运营成本、维护成本以及残值等计算全生命周期工程造价的成本，其中全生命周期成本的公式为：其中，C0：形成成本；O：运营成本；M：维护成本；PVsum：现值和；S：残值；T：生命周期；t：时间变量；r：折现率；PV：折现系数3 WHC管理的主要影响因素及在建筑项目不同阶段的作用3.1 WLC管理的主要因素 全生命周期造价成本管理主要可分为投资决策阶段、工程设计阶段、招标投标阶段、施工阶段、项目竣工阶段、运营维护阶段几个阶段。

在不同的阶段不同因素对全生命周期造价成本管理的影响程度不同，因此以下就全生命周期造价成本管理的不同阶段的影响因素进行详细分析： 投资决策阶段的主要影响因素有财务评价和国民经济评价，包括运营维护阶段的造价费用、环境成本、社会成本；工程设计阶段的主要影响因素有设计质量、计人员技术、设计技术与经济方面；招标投标阶段的主要影响因素有项目招标的成本、招投标的合同；施工阶段的主要影响因素有工程进度、工程风险、工程索赔、投资监理制度、新技术应用；项目竣工阶段的主要影响因素有工程造价人员的业务素养、领导对于竣工阶段的重视程度、工程资料的管理；运营维护阶段的主要影响因素有运营和维护方案、设施的经济价值和好用价值、运营和维护成本 3.2影响因素在建筑项目不同阶段的作用（1）Investment decision-making phase Investment decision-making stage is the most important stage in the investment construction program. The possibility of affecting project investment is 95% ~ 100%. As a result, it fundamentally determines the direction of investment and investment income level.The main resolving problems are the reasonable investment of engineering project and the selection problem of the project in the stage of engineering project investment decision-making. Financial evaluation is the current fiscal and taxation system and price system according to the national. Computing directly financial benefits and costs of project from the angle of investment subject considering the project profitability, solvency and foreign exchange balance finances, determine the financial feasibility of the project. National economic evaluation is evaluating the economic rationality of evaluation project according to the principle of rational allocation of resources, from the national overall viewpoint of benefit and cost of the project, by calculating the project's net contribution to the national economy. National economic evaluation is from the whole country and social perspective. Large projects necessary cost - benefit analysis method is used to make the national economy in order to come to the conclusion that in the national interest.（2）The design phaseThe project planning and design stage is the embodiment of investors’ investment decisions. It is also the specific function of project scheme design regulations and construction activities. In general, the cost of project planning and design presents 1% ~ 2% in the engineering life-cycle. But the effects of planning and design of the project cost is more than 75%. Control cost only by the construction unit to complete In the planning and design stage of engineering project. At the same time, the construction unit cost management personnel must be involved in project planning and design stage using the value engineering principle. Combining the technology and economy organ。