高级英语上册课件10.ppt

The Trial That Rocked the World By John ScopesUnit 10  The Trial That Rocked The WorldThe Monkey TrialThe Scopes TrialThe State of Tennessee VS Scopes John Scopes Evolution Trial Questions for Students to Study in Unit 10 1.What do you know about the trial?2.What role does religion play during the trial?3.Who is the man who started it all?4.What do you know about fundamentalism?5.What is the nature of the trial?6.The man behind the Scopes Trial.7.The result and the significance of the trial.1.To get acquainted with the author and the American social background of the monkey trial and events related to this worldwide trial;2.To learn American legal systems and get familiar with some legal terms; 3.To develop interest in the study of aptly employed rhetorical devices by the author;4.To cultivate the ability to appreciate and analyze the original writings and the techniques adopted in this text. I. Learning ObjectivesII. Teaching Tasks n1. Pre-reading questionsn2. Background knowledgen3. Type of literaturen4. Macro-structure of the textn5. Detailed Study of the textn6. Rhetoric devicesn7. Follow-up discussionn8. Exercise and Homework1.Pre-reading questionsn1) How do you understand the title?n2) Do you know why the Scopes Trial was also called the Monkey Trial , the Evolution Trial ? *n3) What result do you expect to read about the trial ? The Scopes/Monkey Trial nThe Scopes trial, also known as the “Monkey Trial,” is one of the most famous courtroom dramas in United States history. nThe press ( H.L Mencken) dubbed it the Monkey Trial because, according to popular belief, evolution meant that humans were descended from monkeys.2.Background Knowledge n1) The Author—John Scopes and Some Relevant Information Associated with the Trialn2) Social Backgroundn3) American legal system n4) William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow n5) Charles Darwinn6) FundamentalismBrief Introduction of the TrialnIn 1925, a biology teacher named John Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution in defiance of(无视，不顾无视，不顾) Tennessee state law. His trial became an epic event of the twentieth century, a debate over free speech that spiraled使螺旋形上升使螺旋形上升into an all-out duel between science and religion. Featuring (to give special attention to) two of the century's greatest orators, attorneys Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan, the Scopes trial was America's first major media event, with hundreds of reporters and live nationwide radio coverage dispersing the sensational news. Outside the courthouse, a circus atmosphere prevailed as a chimpanzee in a suit and hat vied with fire-and-brimstone preachers for the crowd's attention. Monkey Trial explores the dramatic moment when a new fault line opened in society as scientific discoveries began to challenge the literal truth of the Bible. 1) John Scopes and Some Relevant Information Associated with the TrialnJohn Scopes, a high school biology teacher charged with illegally teaching the theory of evolution in the “Monkey Trial” (the trial of the century), and the author of Centre of the Storm (1967). “A man’s fate, shaped by heredity and environment and an occasional accident, is often stranger than anything the imagination may produce.” --- John Scopes1) John Scopes （（1900－－1970）） John Scopes was the Rhea County science teacher and athletic coach who willingly became a defendant in the trial. Scopes had accepted his first teaching position in Dayton after graduating in 1924 from the University of Kentucky, where he was taught evolution. He was accused of breaking the law, and was the defendant in the case. Scopes was only twenty-four at the time of the trial. He had boyish looks, reddish hair, and wore horn-rimmed glasses. He was described as modest, friendly, helpful and shy. As the last principal in this trial, he decided to write a story describing the high lights of the trial.2) The Social Backgroundn The early 1920's found social patterns in chaos. Traditionalists, the older Victorians, worried that everything valuable was ending.n Younger modernists no longer asked whether society would approve of their behavior, only whether their behavior met the approval of their intellect. n Intellectual experimentation flourished. nThe Americans danced to the sound of the Jazz Age, showed their contempt for alcoholic prohibition, and debated abstract art and Freudian theories.nIn response to the new social patterns set in motion by modernism, a wave of revivalism developed, becoming especially strong in the American South.n In the summer of 1925, history was made in the small town of Dayton, Tennessee. n The issue at hand was the "Butler Law," which forbid the teaching of evolution in public schools. PUBLIC ACTS OF THE STATE OF TENNESSEE PASSED BY THE SIXTY - FOURTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY 1925 CHAPTER NO. 27 House Bill No. 185 (By Mr. Butler)3)American legal system nThe legal system in the U.S. originated from the English system of common law, unwritten law in which precedent判例判例 plays an important role. However, as the U.S. developed, its own system of written statutes and codes evolved. American law is now based on a blend混和混和of written legal decisions and of legislation. nThere are two types of American law: civil law and criminal law. Civil law covers suit诉诉讼讼between individuals (companies as well as people are “individuals”) insurance claims, divorces are examples of matters handled under civil law. Criminal law covers cases brought by the state against individuals; criminal offences range from traffic tickets to major crimes like hijacking and murder. nExecutive, the Legislative and the Judicial. nA pyramid structure: Supreme Court Appellate Courts 受理上受理上诉诉的法院的法院; 高等法院高等法院 Trial Courts Federal Court (Superior Courts or Commonwealth Courts) State Court (trial courts or courts of common plea) The Legal System of the U.S.A.(Courts)population: 5,689,283 area: 109,153 km2 capital: NashvilleThe Tennessee State: a History of Conflicting IdeasnBefore the War of Independence: the colony of Spanish, French, and English explorers and part of Carolina and Louisiana; the 16th state in 1796nDuring the Civil War: 1861 --- receding from the Union (being one of the confederate states); 1866 --- first to be readmitted to the Union)nAfter the Civil War --- racially segregated to establish “white supremacy”nIn 1900 --- ratifying the 21st Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, giving women the vote. nIn 1925 --- the Scopes trial (an infamy of ignorance and bigotry it bears unto this day). Its further influence was reflected in the passing of a 1973 bill prohibiting the teaching of evolution as a fact rather than a theory. nDuring the Civil Rights Movement --- ① in 1952, the University of Tennessee admitted four African Americans to its graduate school; ②Memphis State University began desegregation in 1955; ③1959, nonviolent protests in Nashville was held on the part of African Americans.nIt did not admit a governor of the Republican Party until 1971; in 1974, the State’s first African American congressman came to the political arena.4) William Jennings BryannBryan, William Jennings (1860-1925), was born from a middle-class family in Salem, Ill., and graduated from Illinois College in Jacksonville and the Union College of Law in Chicago. nHe was a noted American leader, orator and statesman. A Democrat, he ran unsuccessfully for President of the United States three times (3 times a nominee for the presidency); Secretary of State (1901-1925). nJust before his death (1925) Bryan figured as one of the prosecuting attorneys and a state’s witness against the teaching of Darwinian evolution in the the famed Scopes trial held at Dayton, Tennessee. 5) Clarence DarrownDarrow, Clarence Seward (1857-1938), was the most famous American lawyer of the early 1900's. He was clever and eloquent, and earned a worldwide reputation as a brilliant criminal defense attorney. He acted professionally in many cases against monopolies or on the side of labor; he pleaded for the Negro defendants in the Scottsboro trial (1932). He was also the president of the American League to abolish Capital Punishment.nJohn Scopes was the only client that Darrow ever volunteered to represent--doing so at no charge.William Jennings Bryan Clarence Darrow6) Charles DarwinnCharles Darwin ( 1809—82), English naturalist and biologist who became famous for his theories on evolution. Darwin believed that through millions of years, all species of plants and animals had evolved from a few common ancestors.nDarwin set forth his theories in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Presentation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life.nHe gathered facts that supported the idea of evolution, and he proposed that evolution occurred through a process called natural selection.nDarwin’s theories shocked most people of his day, who believed that each species had been created by a separate divine act. His book, which is usually called simply The Origin of Species, presented facts that disputed this belief. It caused a revolution in biological science and greatly affected religious thought. Anecdote nOnce Darwin came across a very beautiful young lady on a ball. The lady challenged Darwin: Do you think I’m also descended from monkeys?”nDarwin glanced at her and replied: Definitely! But the difference is that you are descended from a very charming monkey. 7) FundamentalismnIt is also fundamentalist Christianity— a term to describe strict adherence to Christian doctrines based on a literal interpretation of the Bible in America. It emerged as a reaction to liberalizing trends in American Protestantism during the first two decades of the 20th century. From the 1890s to the Scopes "Monkey Trial" of 1925, Fundamentalism found its first stage of development. In its second phase, it passed from public view, but never actually disappeared or even lost ground. It has enjoyed considerable growth since 1970s.  Date: July 10---25, 1925•Setting: Rhea County courthouse in Dayton, Tennessee ( site of the trial)•Event: Monkey Trial between Darwinism & fundamentalism •Background of the Trial:• a. Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (published in Nov. 1859)--- the theory of natural selection• b. the Butler law (the anti-evolution law )outlawing the teaching of evolution• c. the ACLU (fledgling organization devoted to individual rights) offering to pay court costs for any Tennessee teacher willing to test the anti-evolution law in the courts.•8) The Scopes ‘ Monkey Trial’Biographies of Key Figures in the Scopes TrialBiographies of Key Figures in the Scopes TrialnJohn Scopes (the defendant representing scientific Darwinism )             nTennessee State (the prosecuting side representing fundamentalism)•John Washington Butler --Author of the Anti-Evolution ActnGeorge Rappalyea-- The Man Behind the Scopes Trialn William Jennings Bryan--  The Visiting Prosecuting Attorney•Clarence Darrow --The Most Famous of the Defense Attorneys•H.L. Mencken--The Reporter from Baltimore•Maynard Metcalf--A Scientific Expert•Brief Notes on Other Trial ParticipantsBen G. McKenzie , ProsecutorA. Thomas Stewart, ProsecutorArthur Garfield Hays , Defense AttorneyDudley Field Malone , Defense AttorneyJohn Randolph Neal, Defense AttorneyJudge John T. Raulston John Scopes , Clarence Darrow & William J. Bryan Scopes, Neal and Rappalyea beneath “Read Your Bible”banner Anti-evolution league stand in DaytonJudge Raulston standing with the Scopes jury They exchange courtroom greetings.Bryan (speech during trial)Darrow addressing the jury and spectatorsJudge Raulston delivers a rulingOpening statements pictured the trial as a titanic struggle between good and evil or truth and ignorance. Bryan claimed that “If evolution wins, Christianity goes.” Darrow argued, “Scopes isn't on trial, civilization is on trial.” Darrow examines Bryan John Scopes in the CourthouseDayton￿Scene￿During￿the￿TrialDayton￿Scene￿During￿the￿TrialWhat were the basic arguments?nDarrow’s argument:  (a) Creationism conflicts with modern science, so it must be incorrect. (b) The Bible contains illogicalities, contradictions, and impossibilities, so it cannot be taken literally. (c) Since evolution and the Bible can be reconciled, there is no conflict between science and religion. •Bryan’s argument:(a) God can override (ignore) the laws of nature with miracles.(b) God’s revealed truth supersedes (replace) scientific evidence.(c) When man cannot explain or understand the Bible, it shows that man’s wisdom is inferior to God’s, not that the Bible is untrue.(d) The science of the day was not conclusive about evolution—for example, different scientists gave estimates of the earth’s age ranging from 24 million to 300 million years.   "As a case, it is not as much a legal landmark as a social landmark. It was a clash between traditionalism and its values and modernism and its values. ……It remains an issue. Darwinism and evolution challenge the notion that we are special as a species."                  ------ Douglas Linder of the University of Missouri-Kansas City law school, who teaches a seminar on famous trials. Today, the trial is noteworthy for the legal, scientific, religious, philosophical and political questions it raised -- questions that will remain for a long time to come.The nature of the trial : conflicts of various ideas na. Fundamentalism vs. liberalism (personal freedom )nb. Creationism (the belief in a god who is the absolute creator of heaven and earth, out of nothing, by an act of free will) vs. evolutionism (the idea of man evolving from other species) nc. Traditionalism (A philosophical system which makes tradition the supreme criterion and rule of certitude) vs. modernism (loss of faith in any belief)nd. Rationalism (the idea that the human reason is the sole source and final test of all truth ) vs. irrationalism (a system emphasizing intuition, instinct, feeling, or faith rather than reason )The Site of the Trial: Dayton, Tennessee It's springtime in Dayton, Tennessee, population around 6,000. The annual strawberry festival, with its parades and street vendors, gives the town a festive air. Today, the battle between Darwinism and creationism continues in a nation built around the separation of church and state. 3. Type of Literature nIt is narration interspersed with flashbacks.4. The Macro-structure of the Text nPart I (Para.1): A general layout of the trial ( when, where, who, what, why)nPart II ( Para.2--9): Direct and indirect causes bringing about the trial and the introduction of the key figures attending the trialnPart III (Para.10--34): Process and result of the trialnPart IV (Para.35--38) Influence of the trial5. Detailed study of the textnPara 1.1. What can you infer from the first sentence?2. What did William Jennings Bryan do before he served as the leading counsel for the prosecution?3. According to the author, what had brought about his trial?Para 2.1. Who were present at the trial? 2. Did the trial attract a lot of public attention? How do you know?3. Paraphrase “ we’ll show them a few tricks.”4. Identify and explain the figure of speech embedded in ‘’Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder…”Para 3.1. Paraphrase “The case had erupted round my head…” What are the figures of speech this sentence contains? 2. What did the fundamentalists adhere to, or believe in? How about the modernists?3. What do you know about the Bible and the Genesis？5. Detailed Study of the textnPara. 1n1.What does the first sentence tell us about the trial?n2.What’s the difference between “counsel” and “lawyer”?n3.What did the author think of the counsel for his defense and the leading counsel for the prosecution?n4.According to the author, what had brought about his trial?nPara.2n1.Who had come to the little town to testify on his behalf?n2.Did the trial attract a lot of public attention? How do you know?n3.Paraphrase “ we’ll show them a few tricks.”n4.Identify and explain the figure of speech embedded in ‘’Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder…”*nPara.3n1.Paraphrase “The case had erupted round my head…”n2.What did the fundamentalists adhere to, or believe in?n3.How about the modernists?n4.What do you know about the Bible and the Genesis?nPara.4,5.6n1.What does the state legislature refer to?n2.What law had been passed in Tennessee?n3.Generalize the direct reason for the trial.nPara.7n1.What does the word “indict” mean?n2.Identify the figure used in the first sentence and explain it in non-figurative language.n3.What was ACLU’s announcement? What is implied in the announcement?n4.What do the word “ironically” mean here?n5.What did the author think of Bryan?nPara.8n1.On the day of the trial, what kind of atmosphere did the town have?n2.How did the townspeople make use of the trial?n3.How do you understand the phrase "sprout out"?n4.Why did the fundamentalists come to the town?n5.What does “infidel outsiders” refer to”?n6.What do you know about John Butler?n7.What does the last sentence imply about Butler?n   nPara.9n1.What can you tell about the presiding judge judging by his pronunciation?n2.How does the author describe the counsel for prosecution and his counsel?n3.What is the religious background of the defense counsel? What does the diversity of the defense counsel suggest?n4.What is an agnostic?nPara.10n1.How did the trial start? And what could be anticipated about the trial from the very beginning?n2.How was the jury made up?n3.Why did the author’s father growl,"That’s one hell of a jury"?nPara.11n1.What does the word "spar"mean?n2.How did Darrow open his statement? What was his voice like?n3. Paraphrase “He is here because ignorance and bigotry are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination”.nPara.12n1.What is a baking court?n2.Explain Darrow’s statement.n3.Identify the figures in “we are marching backward to the glorious age of sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men…”n4.Give an example that scientists were persecuted during the dark age of 16th century.nPara.13.&14n1.How did a woman respond to Darrow’s statement? Why?n2.How did his pupils testify in the court?n3.What does the word "contaminated" mean here?n4.What is implied in “There is some doubt about that.” And what figure is used?n5.How did Darrow feel when he said this?nPara.15n1.How did Bryan address the jury?n2.Identify the figure embedded in “The Christian believes that man came from above. The revolutionist believes he must have come from below.”n3.Explain “Bryan warmed to his work”.nPara.16n1.What was Bryans voice like?n2.What, according to Bryan, did the experts come hundreds of miles  to testify?n3.What does the phrase “reconcile…with” mean?n4.How did Bryan think of human being’s origin?nPara.17n1.How did Bryan think of his own speech?n2.What was the audience’s reaction?n3.Do you know the meaning of “Amen”?n4.Identify the figure in “Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire”, and explain it in non-figurative language.n5. Identify the figure in “The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breathnof his oratory as he should have.”. and explain it in plain language. nPara.18n1. Did Malone consider Bryan a devoted server to God or a devoted politician?n2.What did Malone appeal for or request?n3.What did Malone accuse Bryan of?n4.Paraphrase “Bryan calling for a duel to the death between science and religion”.n5.What does “grew in volume” mean?nPara.19n1.What did Malone think of truth?n2.Generalize Malone’s attitude towards religion and science.nPara.20n1.How was Malone’s speech received?n2.What does the “oratorical duel” refer to?n3.How did the judge respond to Malone’s speech and why the scientists were not allowed to testify ?nPara.21n1.What does the word "adjourned" mean?n2.What does the phrase "swarming with" mean?n3.What is a hawker?n4.Identify and explain the figure in “Darwin is inside.”n5.What is an entrepreneur?n6.Explain the last sentence.nPara.22,23n1.Explain the reporter’s words "The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes, afraid of it might be true."n2.What does “sulphurous dispatches” mean ?n3.Why was Mencken to be driven out of town?n4.Why was the trial resumed outside the court room ?nPara.24n1.Identify the figure in “Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defense.”, and explain it in plain language.n2.Identify the figure in the last sentence and paraphrase the sentence.nPara.25n1.Did Bryan understand Darrow’s tricks by challenging him as a witness?n2.How did Bryan meet the challenge?n3.Identify the figure in the last sentence and explain it in plain language.nPara.26n1.How did Darrow question Bryan?n2.How do you think Bryan would reply his questions?n3.How did the crowd react to Bryan’s replies?nPara.27,28,29,n1.Why did Bryan mop his bald dome in silence?n2.Retell the climax of the trial.nPara.30n1.How did Bryan address the judge when speaking to him in the court?n2.Explain" using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him"nPara.31,32n1.What can we infer about Darrow’s attitude towards religion from his words "I am examining you on your fool ideas…"?n2.What is a gavel?n3.Paraphrase "The judge used a gavel to quell the hubbub and adjourned court until next day."nPara.33,34 n1.Paraphrase "Bryan stood forlornly alone”.n2.How did the author feel when spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow’s hands?n3.What does the “old warrior” refer to?n4.What was the verdict and the conviction?nPara.35n1.How did Malone call the author’s conviction?n2.What figure is used in “victorious defeat”?n3.What does the “faded champion” refer to?n4.What happened to Bryan after the trial?nPara.36n1.What happened to John Scopes after the trial?n2.What is a geologist?nPara.37 &38n1.When the author visited the little town again 37 years after the trial, what changes did he find?n2.Why do you think a William Bryan University set up there?n3.Identify the figure in “The oratorical storm that…has grown with the passing years.”, and explain the sentence.   4. What was the influence of the trial? 6. Rhetoric devices1)Transferred epithet2)Oxymoron 3)Sarcasm4)Pun5)Metaphor6)Simile7)Synecdoche8)Irony9)Antithesis7. Follow-up discussionn1. What do you think  is the central message of this article?n2. Why were scientists not allowed to testify in the court ? n3. What was the consequent result of the trial?  n4. What was the effect of the trial in American history? n5. Group together and try to explain all the legal terms that appear in the text.Fundamentalism and the Social Gospel nAmerican fundamentalism and the social gospel are two distinct religious movements. Both began in the early part of the 20th century. Both sprang from Christianity's attempt to deal with modern problems. Yet they had radically different goals. As politician and religious leader, William Jennings Bryan played a prominent role in both movements.nThe social gospel grew out of the abuses of industrialism. By the turn of the twentieth century American cities had become magnets for cheap labor. Poverty bred (bring about) a new kind of hopelessness. Wealthy captains of industry(实实业巨头业巨头)were seen as indifferent to the sufferings of the poor. Some of the rich were philanthropists慈善家慈善家, but others justified their cruelty with a philosophy called Social Darwinism. If evolution favors the survival of the fittest, they argued, why should the strong help the weak to survive?nTo counter the argument of the Social Darwinists, Bryan compared society to a garden. In a garden, said Bryan, you don't let the weeds triumph over the roses simply because the weeds are stronger. You protect the roses from the weeds. And if you want a society where you have good people, kindness, charity, and equality, you have to do some weeding.FundamentalismnFundamentalism arose from a radically different impulse than the social gospel. Early in the 20th century certain prominent Christians began to see the Bible as a historical text rather than a revealed truth. The Bible, according to these so-called "higher critics," had evolved over time and simply reflected the views of the men who wrote it.nFundamentalism rose within the church to combat this modern view of the Bible. The name comes from a series of pamphlets called "The Fundamentals," published in 1912. "The Fundamentals" outlined the bedrock(basics) truths that all Christians should believe. Fundamentalists believed in a "back to basics" American theology: The Bible was not a text to be interpreted, but the revealed word of God.nIn the beginning, fundamentalism did not attempt to reach out and change society as a whole. It was the anti-evolution crusade of William Jennings Bryan that turned fundamentalism into a political movement. Beginning in 1922 Bryan campaigned across America for laws against the teaching of Darwin's theory. His crusade lit a fire in the state of Tennessee, which passed a law outlawing the teaching of evolution early in 1925.• Some defense experts     Maynard M. Metcalf, a balding 57-year-old zoologist from John Hopkins University, and the five other defense scientists in Dayton began each morning of trial with a breakfast at The Mansion on the edge of town, followed by a drive to the courthouse.  They spent evenings sitting around a large table discussing with lawyers the day’s proceedings and plans for the next day.  These discussions made plain that Arthur Garfield Hays managed the defense effort while Darrow, in the words of the defense’s geological expert, “was the ‘front’ for our side.”  When he was not busying himself with chores such as repairing the old house’s fickle plumbing system, George Rappalyea joined in the roundtable. The defense experts came to Dayton knowing that they might never take the stand.  The prosecution had made known that they would object to expert testimony on relevance grounds, and there was reason to believe that Judge Raulston might sustain their objection.  The battle over the admissibility of expert testimony seemed likely to be the decisive contest of the trial.nTransferred epithet: （（转类形容词）转类形容词）nIt is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify (修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong to make figurative sense. e.g. sleepless nights/ pathetic beauty/ curious questioning/ nostalgic recollections/ busy life/ brutal plan/ a melancholy strain/ Transferred epithet （修饰语转移;移用；移就）A transferred epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase, especially of praise or blame used of a person. Grammatically it plays the function of an attribute or an adverbial. But it differs from grammatical modifiers in that an epithet emphasizes rhetorical effect while a grammatical modifier can’t. Sometimes a rhetorical epithet has no meaning at all, and is only used to create a rhetorical effect. Therefore, it is called a transferred epithet, i.e. an epithet shifter from its proper subject to some allied circumstance. For example,1））The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.2）） He said ‘ yes’ to the question in an unthinking moment    (He did not think when he said ‘yes’)3））He sang with a passionate throat ( He sang passionately.)4））We spent an anxious night / sleepless night.5）） He gave a wide-eyed answer.6））He is not an easy poet.(His poems is not easy to understand)7）） In his quiet laziness he suddenly remembered that strange    word.( he is quiet not his laziness)8) The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor.( to show respect)9) The letters, sad and reproachful, offer me the choice of pleading ignorance or being proved insensitive.( the writers of the letters were sad at my stand and full of blame.（（这封信，这封信， 有的是对我的观点表示遗憾，有的是对我的观点表示遗憾，有的是对我的观点给予斥责。

有的是对我的观点给予斥责 他们要我承认不是愚昧无知，他们要我承认不是愚昧无知，就是麻木不仁就是麻木不仁10) The movement for abolition of death penalty is widespread and articulate.（（ 这场废除死刑的运动已遍这场废除死刑的运动已遍及世界，而且已宣传得深入人心及世界，而且已宣传得深入人心11) His unfriendly tongue surprised her.（（不友好的言辞不友好的言辞令她吃惊）令她吃惊）12) The plowman homeward plods his weary way.( the weary plowman homeward plods his way)13)F. Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed, smiling attention.14) a surprise silence=a silence which makes people feel surprised15. Purposeless days= days in which a person feels purposeless  (漫无目的的日子）漫无目的的日子）16) a deafening roll of a thunder= a thunder with a deafening roll（（ 一声震耳欲聋的雷鸣）一声震耳欲聋的雷鸣）17) A mad doctor= a doctor who treats mad patients（（精神病医生）精神病医生）nSarcasm （（挖苦，讽刺）; Sarcasm is just attacking in a taunting(嘲弄, 奚落)and bitter manner and its aim is to disparage(蔑视, 贬损) , ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. This figure of speech needs context clue. nRidicule (嘲笑,奚落)Hyperbole for humor or ridicule makes use of absurdly exaggerated descriptions or situations to expose or to deflate(挫某人锐气). Oxymoron（（矛盾修辞法）矛盾修辞法）Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which words expressing contradictory and incongruous (自相矛自相矛盾的盾的)ideas are joined together to produce a peculiar rhetorical effect. It differs from antithesis in that it is a combination in one expression of contradictory terms, whereas in antithesis there is a contrast of ideas brought about by parallel constructions. For example,1)  Bitter-sweet memories2)  proud humility (不卑不亢不卑不亢) ( humble, but not servile)3) Orderly chaos: chaos exists, but there is some method or order in the way that things are thrown around.4) The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees. (冷酷的善意冷酷的善意)5 ) victorious defeat6) She read the long-waited letter with a tearful smile. (tearful joy)7) cold pleasant manner (冷漠文雅的举止冷漠文雅的举止)8) dully bright (大智若愚大智若愚)9) a love-hate relationship  &Pun  双关语双关语    It is a play on words which have different meanings but which are similar or identical in sound.    1)  Why is an empty purse always the same?n  Because there is never any change in it. (change can be “变化变化” or “ 零钱零钱”)n2) What do lawyers do after they die? Lie still. n3) A professor tapped on his desk and shouted: “ Gentlemen---order!”n  The entire class yelled, “Beer!”.n4)  On Sunday they pray for you, on Monday they prey on you.(homophone同音异形异义词同音异形异义词)n5)If we don’t hang together, we’ll hang separately.n   (homograph同形异义字同形异义字：：word spelt like another but    with a different meaning.)legal terms   nGroup one: n1. lawyer--a person who is qualified to advise people about the law and represent them in court. ( to defend for the client) 精通法精通法律的人，辩护律师律的人，辩护律师n2.counsellor--(also counselor in A.E.) A person whose job is to give advice to people who need it . adviser    指律师指律师 法律顾问法律顾问n3. counsel--a lawyer or a group of lawyers that gives someone advice on a legal case and fights the case in court;n4. barrister--(in B.E) a lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law on behalf of either the defense or the prosecution. 指可在高等指可在高等法院出庭的律师法院出庭的律师n5.  attorney-- 1) an agent or someone authorized to act for another. 2) a person who has been qualified by a state or federal court to provide legal services, including appearing in court.律师律师（常用于美国），法律，财产上的代理人。

常用于美国），法律，财产上的代理人n 6.solicitor-- a lawyer who gives legal advice to clients and prepares legal documents and cases for barrister except appearing in court.  英国的在低级法院出庭的初级律师，为英国的在低级法院出庭的初级律师，为 barrister 提提供材料 n group two:n1.jury trial--a trial that had a jury of a group of 12 responsible ,impartial citizens chosen to hear the case and make the decision (reach a verdict) of guilty or not in accordance with their findings.nGrand jury—a jury usu. in the U.S with a group of 12-23 jurors, which considers a criminal case in order to decide if someone should be tried in a court of law n2.Prosecutor--The government lawyer who investigates and tries criminal cases,typically known as a district attorney, state's attorney, or United States attorneyn3.Defendant---In criminal cases, the person accused of the crime. In civil matters, the person or organization that is being suedn4. grand jury --a jury usu. in the U.S, which considers a criminal case in order to decide if someone should be tried in a court of law.  n5.Witness--Person who comes to court and swears under oath to give truthful evidence. n6.Indictment-- A formal accusation of a felony, issued by a grand jury after considering evidence presented by a prosecutor n7.Verdict--The formal decision issued by a jury on the issues of fact that were presented at trial n8.Cross Examination-- The questioning of an opposing party's witness about matters brought up during direct examination n9.Sentence--A judgment, or judicial declaration made by a judge in a cause. The term judgment is more usually applied to civil, and sentence to criminal proceedings. n10.conviction--the result of a criminal trial in which the defendant has been found guilty of a crime. Why were scientists not allowed to testify in the court? nDarrow’s defense plan was to present a series of scientists as witnesses. They were to testify in regard to the wrong belief that there was an irreconcilable conflict between the theory of evolution and Genesis account. But Judge Roulston shortly ruled that scientific testimony was not admissible (没有资格的没有资格的). They said since the theory of evolution violated the story of creation as told in the Bible, anything the experts (scientists) might say about birds and insects would be immaterial （（非实质的），非实质的），irrelevant, and incompetent （（不适合的）不适合的）No experts were needed to comprehend the simple language of the law; no scientific testimony would be heard. Scopes said “This was a defeat for us.” n  After a short rest , Molone made a long emotional speech to the court, in which he impassionedly（（激动地）激动地） appeal 1) to recognize the Bible as a book on religion not science ; 2) to realize that there is no major conflict between Bible creation and evolution; 3) to conclude that the truth could only be known if scientific testimony were allowed. On this point Malone pleaded : “Is our only weapon--- the witnesses who shall testify to the accuracy of our theory --- Is our only weapon to be taken from us, so that the duel will be entirely one-sided?” *The consequent result of the trial:nFinally, there was an appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court, heard six month later, and argued by the same ACLU-sponsored lawyers for Scopes. Obviously, Bryan could not participated, since he had died on July 26, 1925, five days after the trial ended. n  The Chief Judge（（审判长）审判长）Green claimed that the Butler Act was clear in its meaning and intent and that it ‘indeed, was constitutionally valid. As for Scopes, due to Judge Raulston’s setting of Scopes’ fine rather than the jury, the verdict was reversed （（推翻了）推翻了）on a legal technicality. No further appeal was possible because of the judge’s error, so the case was thrown out of court . Then the Butler Law stood untested.   *The influence of the trialnThe trial marked a beginning of the development of a national consciousness of the roles played by religion, science, and education. The importance of communicating the thinking of the professionals in these fields to the general public was first generally appreciated during and immediately after the trial. n  The Dayton trial also marked the beginning of the decline of fundamentalism. But most importantly, the restrictive legislation on academic freedom is forever a thing of the past; religion and science may address one another in an atmosphere of mutual respect and of a common quest for truth.  *The Major Procedures of a Trial•   Jury selection•   Opening statement•   Presentation of Evidence•   Rulings by the Judge•   Instructions to the jury•   Closing Argument•   Sequestered juries The battle lines were drawn when William Jennings Bryan volunteered to lead the team that would prosecute Scopes. Chicago attorney Clarence Darrow had always wanted to debate Bryan over his religious beliefs. He volunteered to join the defense team, waiving (giving up)his usual high fee. The Scopes trial was quickly becoming a media circus.Though Darrow was the celebrity, ACLU attorney Arthur Garfield Hayes was the mastermind. He and Darrow conceived(planned) a two-part strategy for the trial. Their first goal was to convince Judge John T. Raulston to overturn the anti-evolution law. If that failed, they planned to demonstrate the logic and the truth of evolution. The judge disappointed them on both counts, upholding the law and ruling that the scientific testimony was irrelevant to the case.The ACLU lost the Scopes trial, but gained a national reputation. In 1926 Darrow and the ACLU appealed the case before the Tennessee Supreme Court. The court overturned John Scopes' conviction, but kept the anti-evolution law on the books. However, it was a toothless law by then, and never again enforced.*。