跨文化名词解释.docx

1. Culture is Culture is the total way of life of people, composed of their learned and shared behavior patterns, values, norms and material objects.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对 相当大人类群体的行为产生影响2. Communication Communication is a form of human behavior derived from a need to connect and interact with each other.Communication is a process of exchanging verbal and non verbal messages.3. elements of communication: source, encoding, message, channel, receiver, decoding, receiver response and feedback.4. High-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,e.g. Chinese ,Japanese This means that people in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships. Developing trust is an important first step to any business transaction.Low-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,German. People from low-context cultures value logic, facts, and directness.5. Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。

^.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture,文化适应：人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程7. Cultural Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意 味着一种显性或隐性的处罚8.Intercultural communication : Intracultural communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture or the communication in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple membership.9. 内文化交际 intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾 向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。

10. 跨民族交际（部族间交际）interethnic communication : refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds .指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际11. 人际交际 interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交 往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释12. 跨种族交际 interracial communication: occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics. 指信息源和信 息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。

Interracial Communication（不同人种间/人种混合的交际）occurs when the source and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.13. Negotiation is "the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching a joint agreement about differing needs or ideas."14. stereotypes: refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership,针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断A stereotype (刻板印象/固定模式/文化定势)is defined by Webster’ s Dictionary as a “fixed, generalized image of a person or thing shared by many people." In other words, they are preconceived notions one has about another person or thing.15. 偏见 Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。

16. 禁忌语：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定 群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为17. 委婉语：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硬的或冒犯的 兰】五口语18. kinship terms: is the address used between relatives.19. cultural connotation: an idea that is implied or suggested in a culture20. The Cooperative Principle is, in essence, a sort of tacit agreement(心照不宣) between participants to work together to create a coherent and effective exchange.21. politeness principle: a type of behaviour principle that allows the participants to engage in a social interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony.22.Individualism : broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .23. Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; r。