英语词汇学200要点.docx

名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1.外来词分为四类 ：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2〕 Aliens garage , d long time no see 4〕 Semantic- loans.e.g. dream.cor 3〕 Translationé–loans e.g.2. Motivation 分类 ：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation.Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~〔connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,〕多义关系及两种讨论方法 :Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or moresenses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.3. Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.4. Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created.5. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time.6.同形同音异义关系 Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, buteither identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fallinto three classes: perfect homonyms 〔same name〕; homographs 〔same spelling〕 and homophones（ some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ 〔n〕 a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ 〔v〕 to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / 〔v〕 to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ 〔n〕 female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ 〔n〕 a loved person; deer /dia/ 〔n〕 a kind of animal.7.同形同音异义词与多义词的区分 Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling andpronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck 〔See 6.1 Polysemy〕 . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.8.同义关系 Synonymsare words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in soundand spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.9.Sources of Synonyms1〕 Borrowing 2〕Dialects and regional English 3〕 Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4〕 Coincidence with idiomatic expressions10.如何区分同义词？ 1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application11.What are the characteristics of antonyms.12.1〕 Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2〕 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3〕 Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4〕 Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.13.上下义关系 :Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For 第 1 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creatur。