国际商务礼仪Uni20Netiquette.ppt

Unit Twenty Netiquette网络礼仪网络礼仪Focal Points1. Netiquette (Network Etiquette or Internet Etiquette) Basics 2. How to follow the netiquette3. Business e-mail communication etiquetteContentsLead in1Reading A2Reading B3Reading C45Exercises§Do you recognize these chat abbreviations (or acronyms), try to match each with its corresponding meaning.Warming-upIMOFor Your Information KIT BRB FYI BTW LOL be right back in my opinion By the way keep in touch laughing out loud Core Rules of Netiquette What is Netiquette? Simply stated, it's network etiquette -- that is, the etiquette of cyberspace. And "etiquette" means "the forms required by good breeding or prescribed by authority to be required in social or official life." In other words, netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly online. Rule 1: Remember the human The golden rule your parents and your kindergarten teacher taught you was pretty simple: Do unto others as you'd have others do unto you. Imagine how you'd feel if you were in the other person's shoes. Stand up for yourself, but try not to hurt people's feelings. Reading ACore Rules of Netiquette Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life In real life, most people are fairly law-abiding, either by disposition or because we're afraid of getting caught. In cyberspace, the chances of getting caught sometimes seem slim. And, perhaps because people sometimes forget that there's a human being on the other side of the computer, some people think that a lower standard of ethics or personal behavior is acceptable in cyberspace. The confusion may be understandable, but these people are mistaken. Standards of behavior may be different in some areas of cyberspace, but they are not lower than in real life. Reading ACore Rules of Netiquette Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace What's perfectly acceptable in one area may be dreadfully rude in another. For example, in most TV discussion groups, passing on idle gossip is perfectly permissible. But throwing around unsubstantiated rumors in a journalists' mailing list will make you very unpopular there.Rule 4: Respect other people's time It's a cliché that people today seem to have less time than ever before, even though (or perhaps because) we sleep less and have more labor-saving devices than our grandparents did. When you send e-mail or post to a discussion group, you're taking up other people's time (or hoping to). It's your responsibility to ensure that the time they spend reading your posting isn't wasted. Reading ACore Rules of Netiquette Rule 5: Make yourself look good online Most people who communicate online just want to be liked. Networks -- particularly discussion groups -- let you reach out to people you'd otherwise never meet. And sometimes none of them can see you. In that case you won't be judged by the color of your skin, eyes, or hair, your weight, your age, or your clothing. You will, however, be judged by the quality of your writing. For most people who choose to communicate online, this is an advantage; if they didn't enjoy using the written word, they wouldn't be there. So spelling and grammar do count. Reading ACore Rules of Netiquette Rule 6: Share expert knowledge The strength of cyberspace is in its numbers. The reason asking questions online works is that a lot of knowledgeable people are reading the questions. And if even a few of them offer intelligent answers, the sum total of world knowledge increases. The Internet itself was founded and grew because scientists wanted to share information. Gradually, the rest of us got in on the act. So do your part. Don't be afraid to share what you know. Rule 7: Don’t flame or counterflame A flame is an angry attack in a message, the kind that flares when a debate grows into a spat. Keep yourself cool. If you are flamed, don’t rise to the bait. Flame wars only escalate, and no one ever wins. Reading ACore Rules of Netiquette Rule 8: Respect other people's privacy Of course, you'd never dream of going through your colleagues' desk drawers. So naturally you wouldn't read their e-mail either.Rule 9: Don't abuse your power Some people in cyberspace have more power than others. There are wizards in MUDs (multi-user dungeons), experts in every office, and system administrators in every system. Knowing more than others, or having more power than they do, does not give you the right to take advantage of them. For example, sysadmins should never read private e-mail. Reading ACore Rules of Netiquette Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes Everyone was a network newbie once. So when someone makes a mistake -- whether it's a spelling error or a spelling flame, a stupid question or an unnecessarily long answer -- be kind about it. If it's a minor error, you may not need to say anything. Even if you feel strongly about it, think twice before reacting. Having good manners yourself doesn't give you license to correct everyone else. Reading AHow to Follow the Netiquette More and more people are communicating over the Internet now than ever. And with this boom in communication comes more opportunity to offend with bad manners. People behind the veil of Internet anonymity and the lack of face-to-face interaction between peers can lead to rude behavior or at least behavior that is perceived as rude. In many cases people aren't even aware of how they are coming off to people who read what they post. To help remedy this problem you should follow some rules of Internet etiquette, also known as "netiquette," to ensure you aren't fueling this fire. Reading BHow to Follow the NetiquetteLarge E-mail Files One of the most annoying things you can do to someone online is probably one of the most unintentional. If you have ever sent a large file to someone by e-mail then it is likely they were frustrated that you didn't compress the file prior to sending it. It's possible you didn't know you were supposed to, and that's OK -- as long as you do it the next time. Large video or audio files or other attachments to e-mail may slow down a person's computer while he is trying to work. So be considerate and use a program like WinZip or another file compression software to downsize what you are sending before attaching it to the e-mail. The recipient can extract the same quality info on her end without tying up her entire system to do it. Sending very large uncompressed files is just rude in the computer world.Reading BHow to Follow the NetiquetteNo SHOUTING You wouldn't like it very much if all your friends walked up to you and shouted whatever they had to say at the top of their lungs. It might be funny once, but it would get old really fast. In Internet chat or e-mail, using all caps when you type is the equivalent of shouting. It is to be used sparingly and only for occasional affect. Still, some people can't help but use all caps all the time. It is considered rude by those who know better, and it is a bit annoying to read. Careful With Sarcasm Sarcasm can be a great thing sometimes. It is a way to express frustration and even be funny when others can relate to what you're saying through the tone of your voice. When you try sarcasm on the Internet, remember that the readerReading BHow to Follow the Netiquettecan't hear your tone. All they see are the words. And the nature of sarcasm can make your words read pretty harsh or at least have an unintentional affect. If you send a chat message to your buddies saying, "I can't wait for that new Miley Cyrus album to drop Tuesday," and you couldn't care less about Miley, they may not realize that you aren't serious. Adding "LOL" or smiley faces can help get your point across, if you must.Cool Your Flames With so many opinions floating around social networking sites and message boards, it may be hard for other highly opinionated folks to refrain from putting their own views out there. There is no problem with a dissenting view as long as you don't use the platform as a way to wage your own personal war against otherReading BHow to Follow the Netiquettepeople. Blasting one another with heated exchanges in a place where other people can see it is bad netiquette that is so common it even has its own name. It's called flaming. So the next time you feel like bombarding someone for something he said, spare the others who can see it and just cool down and ignore it. That's the best way to get back at him anyway.Wat R U Thinking? While it may be cute to use shortened words and nonsensical grammar to you, most people reading your words just think it's a reflection of your intelligence. And if they know you have the ability to communicate properly, it is just regarded as annoying. Improve your etiquette by using proper spelling and grammar in your messages to others. The shorthand developed to make texting easier in a timeReading BHow to Follow the Netiquettewhen numeric pad letters were the only option is over. And if you are sitting at a regular keyboard there is no excuse for not spelling things the right way.Reading BE-Mail: Thinking Twice Before You Send It Even though e-mail is a new, immediate and personable medium, business communication by e-mail is still business communication, and it must have a certain level of formality. In practice, this means obeying the basic etiquette rule of showing consideration for the other person when composing a business e-mail communication. Here are some common-sense suggestions for ways to maximize the advantages of e-mail and avoid turning it into an obstacle to your success. Consider the reader’s disposition and perspective. A tricky feature of written communication lies in the fact that the message is static once it’s sent. Unlike spoken messages, which you can quickly modify if you see the receiver getting annoyed or displeased, your written messages are vulnerable to the reader’s mood, existing perceptions, and attitudes toward the subject—and toward you. Reading CE-Mail: Thinking Twice Before You Send It Know that an e-mail can come across in unintended ways. Sometimes, perhaps because you sent the message off hurriedly, or even because the receiver is not in the best of moods, an e-mail you send can be interpreted entirely differently than what you had in mind. In reply, the recipient may send a surly message or other wise show his or her irritation. Your first reaction, upon receiving it, may be to fire back a real zinger to justify or defend yourself. However, the wise choice may be to nip that exchange in the bud by changing the medium immediately. Pick up the telephone or, if possible, go to that person’s office or cubicle and talk through the matter. Apologize for the misunderstanding, if necessary. Reading CE-Mail: Thinking Twice Before You Send It Review before you send. Even if you don’t consider the e-mail sensitive, review it a couple of times before you send it to make sure that your tone isn’t brusque or demanding. Often something as simple as putting the word ‘‘please’’ in front of a sentence will soften the tone. If after reviewing the e-mail you’re still uncertain about how it will be received, put it in the ‘‘Drafts’’ folder for a while. When you go back to it later, you can look at it with a fresh eye and judge it more objectively. If you’re still not sure, consider having someone else take a look at it before you send it. Less formality doesn’t mean anything goes. E-mail’s informality and conversational style can make the message readable and personal, but don’t confuse informality with carelessness. As in any written communication, the errorsReading CE-Mail: Thinking Twice Before You Send Itcan stay around to haunt you for a long time. While most people are more tolerant of the occasional typo in e-mail messages, they will notice consistent violations of spelling, grammar, and structure, and their opinion of you will doubtless be influenced by it. Use standard punctuation and capitalization, and edit your e-mails carefully for grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Use the same courtesy you would in face-to-face conversation or a formal letter. ‘‘Please,’’ ‘‘thank you,’’ ‘‘I hope you’re well,’’ and ‘‘Have a nice weekend’’ are little touches that don’t take much time but put a thoughtful, human face on your message. Think of what you would be saying to that person if you were having a ‘‘live’’ conversation, and use the same courtesies that you would in that situation. Although taking the time to be courteous may sound trivial, or evenReading CE-Mail: Thinking Twice Before You Send Itcondescending, many people who are normally polite seem to forget their manners when sending e-mails. Keep your e-mail messages short—no more than a full screen. A long message will fall into the ‘‘I’ll read it later’’ category, which often translates to ‘‘never.’’ If you need to communicate a long message, send it in hard copy or attach it to the e-mail as a separate document. However, in the latter case, first make sure that your recipient has the software to open your attachment. Reply in a timely manner. One of the main attributes of e-mail is its immediacy. People send e-mails because they generally expect a quick response. Respond to your e-mails, preferably within the same business day but certainly within twenty-four hours. If you can’t deal with the e-mail’s content within that time, reply to the sender acknowledging that you received the message and stating when you will respond.Reading CI．Here is an example of an e-mail message you will hardly like to receive. Can you change it so that there is more netiquette?Exercises “Peter, can u take a look at theese files I attached? need them at seminar on fri. WANT TO HEAR YOUR CMMENTS TILL THU.Mike”Hello Peter, Please take a look at the files I attached. I need them for the seminar on Thursday. Can you send me your comments via e-mail till Thursday? Thank you.MikeII. Match the words in the box with the sentences or phrases on the right.ExercisesPayments Complaints Orders Clarifications Attachments Suggestions Apologizing Meetings Thanks Requests Closing Openings Congratulations 1............................ We would like to offer our sincere apologies for our mistake. 2............................ Please find the document attached.3............................ There are several points we don’t quite understand; we feel there may have been a misunderstanding between us.4............................ We look forward to receiving your reply; Regards, Joe Blunt.5............................ We were very surprised and disappointed by this.Apologizing Attachments Clarifications Closing Complaints II. Match the words in the box with the sentences or phrases on the right.ExercisesPayments Complaints Orders Clarifications Attachments Suggestions Apologizing Meetings Thanks Requests Closing Openings Congratulations 6............................ We would like to congratulate you on your recent good news.7............................ Would Tuesday 26 October be convenient for you? Would it be possible to postpone the meeting until next week?8............................ We are writing to enquire about...; I am writing on behalf of...9............................ Re order no. XJ 8103; goods shipped today.10............................ We have not yet received payment for order no. XJ 8103. Could you please attend to this matter as soon as possible?Congratulations Meetings Openings Orders Payments II. Match the words in the box with the sentences or phrases on the right.ExercisesPayments Complaints Orders Clarifications Attachments Suggestions Apologizing Meetings Thanks Requests Closing Openings Congratulations 11............................ We would be very grateful if you could send us your catalogue and current price list.12............................ Another option would be to... 13............................ We would just like to express our gratitude for all your help in this matter.Requests Suggestions Thanks III. Divide the class into groups and debate against one another’s positions concerning internet etiquette.Exercises Group Debating Group A’s position:Internet etiquette is sometimes important.Group B’s position:Internet etiquette is always important.Group C’s position:Internet etiquette is not necessary.cyberspace1. n. a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange 虚拟空间例： 1. In so many ways, cyberspace mirrors the real world. 在许多方面网络空间反映了真实世界。

2. Mutual understanding is key to friendship. True friendship also exists in the virtual world of cyberspace. 交友最重要就是交心，在网络虚拟世界里，也同样存在真挚的友谊Words & Expressions prescribe V-T If a doctor prescribes medicine or treatment for you, he or she tells you what medicine or treatment to have. 开 (药、处方)例：The physician examines the patient then diagnoses the disease and prescribes medication. 内科医生检查了病人，然后对疾病作出诊断，并开出药方Words & Expressions golden ruleN-COUNT A golden rule is a principle you should remember because it will help you to be successful. 黄金法则 (指有助于让人成功的法则)例：The golden rule is not to send any email unless you would be happy to see it made public. 不要发送任何你不愿意被公开的电子邮件，这是金科玉律。

Words & Expressions Stand up forPHRASAL VERB If you stand up for someone or something, you defend them and make your feelings or opinions very clear. 捍卫; 为…辩护例：They stood up for what they believed to be right. 他们捍卫了他们认为正确的东西Words & Expressionslaw-abidingADJ A law-abiding person always obeys the law and is considered to be good and honest because of this. 守法的例：We believe that the law should protect decent law-abiding citizens and their property.我们相信法律会保护正派守法的公民及其财产Words & Expressionsdisposition N-COUNT Someone's disposition is the way that they tend to behave or feel. 性情例：The rides are unsuitable for people of a nervous disposition. 这种骑乘不适合紧张型性格的人。

Words & Expressionsethics1. N-PLURAL Ethics are moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong. 道德例：Refugee workers said such action was a violation of medical ethics.难民工作者称这种行为违背了医学道德Words & Expressionsgossip1.N-UNCOUNT Gossip is informal conversation, often about other people‘s private affairs. (说别人的) 闲话 2.例：There has been much gossip about the possible reasons for his absence. 关于他缺席的原因已经有多种传闻2. V-RECIP If you gossip with someone, you talk informally, especially about other people or local events. You can also say that two people gossip. 闲聊例：We spoke, debated, gossiped into the night. 我们交谈、争论、闲聊到夜间。

Words & ExpressionsunsubstantiatedADJ A claim, accusation, or story that is unsubstantiated has not been proven to be valid or true. 未经证实的例：I do object to their claim, which I find totally unsubstantiated. 我确实反对他们的说法，我发现那是完全没有根据的Words & ExpressionsCliché N-COUNT A cliché is an idea or phrase which has been used so much that it is no longer interesting or effective or no longer has much meaning. 陈词滥调例：例：I've learned that the cliché about life not being fair is true. 我已经体会到有关生活不公的老调是对的。

我已经体会到有关生活不公的老调是对的Words & Expressionsreach out伸出(手等)；伸手拿 例：例： He reached out his hand and took the money away.他伸出手来将钱拿走Words & ExpressionscountV-I If something or someone counts for something or counts, they are important or valuable. 有价值; 有重要意义例：Surely it doesn't matter where charities get their money from: what counts is what they do with it. 当然，慈善组织从哪里得到钱并不重要，重要的是他们用这些钱做什么Words & ExpressionsknowledgeableADJ Someone who is knowledgeable has or shows a clear understanding of many different facts about the world or about a particular subject. 知识渊博的例：We are more knowledgeable of the whole world because of television.因为有了电视，我们对整个世界更加了解。

Words & Expressionsflame1. N-COUNT A flame is an e-mail message which severely criticizes or attacks someone. 攻击性电子邮件[INFORMAL][COMPUTING]例：The best way to respond to a flame is to ignore it. 回应攻击性电子邮件的最好方式就是置之不理2.V-T Flame is also a verb. 发送攻击性电子邮件例：Ever been flamed? 收到过攻击性电子邮件吗？Words & Expressionsspatn. 口角，小争吵；争执 vi. 口角，小争吵 例：This is not the first spat between Russia and Belarus, and it will not be the last. 这不是白俄罗斯和俄罗斯之间的第一次争端也不会是最后一次Words & ExpressionsescalateV-T/ V-I If a bad situation escalates or if someone or something escalates it, it becomes greater in size, seriousness, or intensity. 使…加剧; 加剧例：Both unions and management fear the dispute could escalate. 各工会与资方都害怕争端会加剧。

Words & Expressionssysadminn.系统管理员例：A sysadmin makes sure your network connection is safe, secure, open, and working. 系统管理员，确保网络连接安全、开放并有效Words & Expressionsnewbien. 网络新手；新兵例：Now our newbie Orc and Night Elf are engaged in mortal combat. 现在，我们的新手兽人和暗夜精灵正在进行致命的搏斗Words & Expressionsboom 2. N-COUNT A boom in something is an increase in its amount, frequency, or success. 增长例：The boom in the sport's popularity has meant more calls for stricter safety regulations. 该项运动普及程度的大幅提高带来了更多要求更严格安全法规的呼声。

3. V-I If the economy or a business is booming, the number of things being bought or sold is increasing. 激增例：By 1988 the economy was booming. 到1988年为止经济一直很繁荣Words & Expressionsanonymity N-COUNT 匿名 例：Both mother and daughter, who have requested anonymity, are doing fine. 要求匿名的母女情况都好anonymousADJ If you remain anonymous when you do something, you do not let people know that you were the person who did it. 匿名的例：You can remain anonymous if you wish. 如果你愿意你可以保持匿名Words & ExpressionsperceiveV-T If you perceive someone or something as doing or being a particular thing, it is your opinion that they do this thing or that they are that thing. 认为例：Stress is widely perceived as contributing to coronary heart disease. 压力普遍被认为能造成冠心病。

Words & Expressionsremedy 1. N-COUNT A remedy is a successful way of dealing with a problem. 解决办法例：The remedy lies in the hands of the government. 解决办法就在政府手中2. V-T If you remedy something that is wrong or harmful, you correct it or improve it. 补救; 纠正; 改善例：A great deal has been done internally to remedy the situation. 内部已经采取了很多措施来挽救局面Words & ExpressionsunintentionalADJ Something that is unintentional is not done deliberately, but happens by accident. 非故意的例：Perhaps he had slightly misled them, but it was quite unintentional. 或许他有一点误导他们了，但完全是无意的。

Words & ExpressionsattachmentN-COUNT In computing, an attachment is a file which is attached separately to a message that you send to someone. (电子邮件的) 附件例：When you send an e-mail you can also send a file as an attachment and that file can be a graphic, a program, a sound or whatever. 当发送电子邮件时，你还可以把一份文件作为附件发送，该文件可以是图片、程序、或声音文件等Words & ExpressionscompressionN-UNCOUNT压缩例：The compression of the wood is easily achieved. 木材压缩容易实现CompressV-T If an event is compressed into a short space of time, it is given less time to happen than normal or previously. 压缩 (时间) 例：The four debates will be compressed into an eight-day period. 4场辩论将被压缩在8天内。

Words & Expressionsequivalent1. N-SING If one amount or value is the equivalent of another, they are the same. 等量物; 等价物例：Mr. Li's pay is the equivalent of about $80 a month. 李先生的报酬大约等于每月80美元2. ADJ Equivalent is also an adjective. 等量的; 等值的例：If they want to change an item in the budget, they will have to propose equivalent cuts elsewhere. 如果他们想要改变预算中的一个款项，必须得提出其他等值的削减Words & ExpressionsSarcasmN-UNCOUNT Sarcasm is speech or writing which actually means the opposite of what it seems to say. Sarcasm is usually intended to mock or insult someone. 挖苦; 讽刺例：Sarcasm and demeaning remarks have no place in parenting. 挖苦和贬损的言语不应用来教育子女。

Words & ExpressionsfrustrationN-VAR 懊丧例：The results show the level of frustration among hospital doctors. 这些结果显示医院医生的懊丧程度Words & ExpressionsharshADJ Harsh climates or conditions are very difficult for people, animals, and plants to live in. 严酷的例：...the harsh desert environment. …严酷的沙漠环境 He said many harsh and unkind things about his opponents. 他说了许多关于他对手的严厉且残酷的话Words & Expressionssmiley face 笑脸例：Can I paint a smiley face on that? 我可不可以在上面画个笑脸?Words & ExpressionsopinionatedADJ If you describe someone as opinionated, you mean that they have very strong opinions and refuse to accept that they may be wrong. 固执己见的例：Sue is the extrovert in the family; opinionated, talkative and passionate about politics. 苏是那个家庭里性格外向的一位；她固执、健谈、热心政治。

Words & ExpressionsblastN-COUNT A blast is a big explosion, especially one caused by a bomb. (尤指炸弹引起的)大爆炸例：250 people were killed in the blast. 250人在这次大爆炸中丧生Words & ExpressionsbombardV-T When soldiers bombard a place, they attack it with continuous heavy gunfire or bombs. 连续轰炸例：Rebel artillery units have regularly bombarded the airport.叛军的炮兵部队经常炮轰机场Words & Expressionsnonsensicaladj. 无意义的；荒谬的He said several nonsensical things.他说了许多荒谬的话Words & Expressionsshorthand N-UNCOUNT Shorthand is a quick way of writing and uses signs to represent words or syllables. Shorthand is sometimes used by secretaries and journalists to write down what someone is saying. 速记法例：Ben took notes in shorthand. 本用速记法记笔记。

Words & Expressionsnumericadj. 数值的（等于mumerical）；数字的 例：It has a numeric keypad and separate buttons for call, end, menu and phone book. 这支行动具备数字按键和拨号、挂断、功能表与簿四个分开的按钮Words & Expressionspersonableadj. 风度好的；貌美的；具有行为能力的例：He turned out to be a personable and fluent East Indian.原来他是一个神采奕奕，口齿流利的东印度人Words & Expressionsformality N-COUNT Formalities are formal actions or procedures that are carried out as part of a particular activity or event. 正规程序例：例：They are whisked through the immigration and customs formalities in a matter of minutes.他们在短短的几分钟内就很快走完了移民与海关手续。

Words & Expressionscommon-sense adj. 常识的；有生活经验得来的例："We need a much more common-sense approach to risk management and must not let quants and traders run free-rein for short-term profits, " he says. 他表示：“我们需要一个更为常识性的方法来进行风险管理，一定不能让宽客和交易员为了短期利润而完全自由地操作Words & ExpressionsobstacleN-COUNT An obstacle is an object that makes it difficult for you to go where you want to go, because it is in your way. 障碍物例：Most competition cars will only roll over if they hit an obstacle. 多数赛车在撞到障碍物时都会翻车。

Words & ExpressionstrickyADJ If you describe a task or problem as tricky, you mean that it is difficult to do or deal with. 难对付的例：Parking can be tricky downtown. 在市中心停车会很难Words & ExpressionsvulnerableADJ Someone who is vulnerable is weak and without protection, with the result that they are easily hurt physically or emotionally. 易受伤害的例：Old people are particularly vulnerable members of our society. 老人是我们社会中特别容易受到伤害的成员Words & Expressionsirritation N-UNCOUNT Irritation is a feeling of annoyance, especially when something is happening that you cannot easily stop or control. 恼怒例：He tried not to let his irritation show as he blinked in the glare of the television lights. 在对着耀眼的电视光线眨眼时，他竭力不把自己的恼怒表现出来。

Words & Expressionszingern. 精神抖擞者；有力的反驳；不寻常的事物 例：This is a zinger of a day, when love comes to you in the oddest, yet sweetest, way, and when you least expect it to strike. 这是极不寻常的一天，爱情会以最诡异而又最甜美的方式，在你最意想不到的时刻降临Words & Expressionscubicle N-COUNT A cubicle is an area in an office that is separated from the rest of the room by thin walls. (办公室内的) 格子间例：I'm not the kind of person to sit in a cubicle behind a desk. 我不是那种能在格子间办公桌后坐得住的人Words & Expressionsbrusque ADJ If you describe a person or their behavior as brusque, you mean that they deal with things, or say things, quickly and shortly, so that they seem to be rude. 简短生硬的; 唐突的例：The doctors are brusque and busy. 医生们十分忙碌，说话简短生硬。

Words & Expressionsreadable ADJ If you say that a book or article is readable, you mean that it is enjoyable and easy to read. 易读的; 有可读性的例：This is a well researched and very readable book. 这是一本研究深刻、可读性强的书Words & Expressionshaunt V-T If something unpleasant haunts you, you keep thinking or worrying about it over a long period of time. (令人不愉快的事) 萦绕在心头例：He would always be haunted by that scene in Well Park. 他将不断回想起威尔公园的那一幕Words & ExpressionstolerantADJ If you describe someone as tolerant, you approve of the fact that they allow other people to say and do as they like and that they are willing to accept different races, religions, and lifestyles. 宽容的例：They need to be tolerant of different points of view. 他们需要容忍不同的观点。

Words & Expressionstypon. 排印错误； 例：Kelly: There must have been a typo when the salesperson took your order. 一定是售货员在接您的订单时，打错了号码Words & ExpressionscourtesyN-UNCOUNT Courtesy is politeness, respect, and consideration for others. 彬彬有礼例：...a gentleman who behaves with the utmost courtesy towards ladies.…一位对女士极为彬彬有礼的绅士Words & ExpressionstrivialADJ If you describe something as trivial, you think that it is unimportant and not serious. 无关紧要的例：The director tried to wave aside these issues as trivial details that could be settled later. 那位主任对这些问题置之不理，视它们为可以后解决的无关紧要的细节。

Words & Expressionscondescending ADJ If you say that someone is condescending, you are showing your disapproval of the fact that they talk or behave in a way which shows that they think they are superior to other people. 显得高人一等的例：I'm fed up with your money and your whole condescending attitude. 我受够了你的钱和你整个高人一等的态度Words & ExpressionsCategoryN-COUNT If people or things are divided into categories, they are divided into groups in such a way that the members of each group are similar to each other in some way. 种类; 范畴例：This book clearly falls into the category of fictionalized autobiography. 这本书显然类属自传体小说。

Words & Expressionsattribute V-T If you attribute something to an event or situation, you think that it was caused by that event or situation. 把…归因于例：Women tend to attribute their success to external causes such as luck. 女性往往把她们的成功归因于外因，如运气Words & Expressions。