
SocialMedicine第课件.ppt
40页社会医学Social Medicine 哈尔滨医科大学哈尔滨医科大学社会医学教研室社会医学教研室吴群红教授吴群红教授SocialMedicine第What is social medicine?MedicineSocial sciencel社会学社会学l政治学政治学l经济学经济学l人类学人类学l管理学管理学l基础医学基础医学l临床医学临床医学l预防医学预防医学SocialMedicine第Human behavior Culture Value Structure of society Social interaction Socialization Social institutions Dynamic of Society Social change Social life SociologySociology SocialMedicine第What is medicine?What is medicine?什么是医学什么是医学The science related to thel diagnosisl understandingl preventionl treatment of illness. SocialMedicine第What is social medicine?1. interactions and law between the social factors and health & disease ;2. stipulate social health strategy and measures;3. Protect health & improve life quality, give the full display of the social function of health, and upgrading the general health status of the people of the society.定义:是一门交叉学科,研究:1. 社会因素 健康和疾病2. 制定社会卫生策略和措施3. 保护和促进健康SocialMedicine第 Human being is more of the social creature than the animal. its social attribute is the fundamental nature New concept of Health by WHO 1948: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Why we need to look at the Why we need to look at the social factors? social factors? 人的本质属性:在于其社会属性WHO:新的健康定义: WHO, 1948:健康是:• 身体• 心理• 社会 的完好状态,而不仅是没有疾病或身体虚弱而已。
SocialMedicine第人类的双重属性人类的双重属性The dual nature of human beingsl Aristotle : human beings are, by nature, social animalsl 社会属性社会属性 Social naturel 生物属性生物属性 Biological natureDoes it matter to health?SocialMedicine第What’s Relationship between social factors and health?WHO put forward: Social determinants for HealthlPoliticslEconomylCulturelEnvironmentlSocial security systemlLife style and behaviorslHealth care systeml政治政治l经济经济l文化文化l环境环境l社会保障制度社会保障制度l生活方式和行为生活方式和行为l卫生保健体制卫生保健体制SocialMedicine第霍普金斯大学的研究小组通过对伊拉克全国霍普金斯大学的研究小组通过对伊拉克全国4747个区进行调查走访形成的报告认为,美国个区进行调查走访形成的报告认为,美国发动伊拉克战争造成了发动伊拉克战争造成了65.565.5万伊拉克人死亡万伊拉克人死亡,,平均每天死亡平均每天死亡500500人人 伊战以来,已有超过75万伊拉克人逃离家园,全局势使伊拉克失业率高达60%。
四年来,驻伊美军死亡人数超过3200名,2.4万余人受伤3520亿美元:伊战爆发以来,美国投入伊拉克的军费已高达3520亿美元伊境内平均每周发生的暴力事件达1000多起,超过去年5月至8月的800起[更多] 人口爆炸!!!人口爆炸!!!非非洲洲难难民民SocialMedicine第美国哥伦比亚大学教授、联合国秘书长安南的特别顾问美国哥伦比亚大学教授、联合国秘书长安南的特别顾问JEFFREY SACHS先生先生SACHS教授说:教授说:2003年的发展议题被挤出了国际议年的发展议题被挤出了国际议程,战争与反恐取代了发展程,战争与反恐取代了发展l 艾滋病每天夺去数以千计的生命,由于贫困买不艾滋病每天夺去数以千计的生命,由于贫困买不起挽救生命的药品而死亡;起挽救生命的药品而死亡;l “911”灾难夺走了灾难夺走了3000多人的生命,从而主宰了多人的生命,从而主宰了两年多的世界议程两年多的世界议程l 世界上每天有世界上每天有20,,000多人死于贫困、疾病、灾害多人死于贫困、疾病、灾害 l 世界军费开支将达世界军费开支将达9000亿美元,而用于发展援助亿美元,而用于发展援助为为500亿美元,用于艾滋病防治仅亿美元,用于艾滋病防治仅10亿美元。
亿美元SocialMedicine第Rudolf Virchow, German pathologist1. Social and economic conditions profoundly impact health, disease and the practice of medicine. 2. The health of the population is a matter of social concern. 3. Society should promote health through both individual and social means. 1. 社会经济条件对健康、疾病和医社会经济条件对健康、疾病和医学实践具有深刻的影响;学实践具有深刻的影响;2. 群体的健康应该成为社会关注的群体的健康应该成为社会关注的内容内容;3. 社会应该通过个人和社会的手段社会应该通过个人和社会的手段来改善人群健康来改善人群健康;SocialMedicine第2、社会医学的研究内容、社会医学的研究内容 Contents of social medicine :lSocial health status, mainly population health status;lInfluencing factors ; especially social factors lSocial health strategies and measures; ((1)研究社会卫生状况,主要)研究社会卫生状况,主要 是人群健康状况是人群健康状况;((2)研究影响人群健康的因)研究影响人群健康的因 素,素, 主要是社会因素主要是社会因素; ((3)研究社会卫生策略与)研究社会卫生策略与 措施措施; SocialMedicine第 社会医学的核心内容社会医学的核心内容 Core Contents Core Contents l Diagnosis of social medicine---identify problemsl Analysis of social cause of disease —social etiologylSocial medicine prescription social strategy ---- 社会医学诊断社会医学诊断----- 社会病因分析社会病因分析----- 社会医学处方社会医学处方SocialMedicine第 社会医学与临床医学的比较社会医学与临床医学的比较l社会医学:群体社会医学:群体 social medicine: mainly target at population l发现社会问题--社会诊断发现社会问题--社会诊断 Identify social problem—social diagnosisl社会医学分析--了解社会成因社会医学分析--了解社会成因 Social medical analysis—find out social causesl社会医学综合处方社会医学综合处方lSocial comprehensive therapyl临床医学:主要针对个体临床医学:主要针对个体 Clinical medicine: mainly target at individual levell了解个体健康问题--医学诊断了解个体健康问题--医学诊断 Identify individual health problem---medical diagnosisl开展病因学分析开展病因学分析 Etiological analysisl制定医学处方制定医学处方 Medial prescriptionSocialMedicine第 社会医学的性质社会医学的性质 The Nature of Social Medicinel---Interdisciplinary subject—social science and medicinel---Synthetic research methodsPracticality of social medicinel医学和社会学的交叉学医学和社会学的交叉学科科l采用综合的研究采用综合的研究 方法方法l社会医学的实践性社会医学的实践性SocialMedicine第3. 社会医学的任务社会医学的任务The tasks of social medicine Advocate positive concept of health, protect and increase physical and mental health and social activity capacitylTo improve social health status, enhance population health and quality of life l formulate health policy &strategies carry out community health services and primary health care.lTo conduct preventive care services for special population and specific disease l倡导积极的健康观倡导积极的健康观l改善社会卫生状况改善社会卫生状况; ;提提高人群健康水平和生命高人群健康水平和生命质量质量; ;l制定卫生政策和策略;制定卫生政策和策略;l开展特殊人群和特种疾开展特殊人群和特种疾病的预防保健工作病的预防保健工作; ;SocialMedicine第4. Basic thinking of social medicinelHarmonious relationship between health and social developmentlTwo way interaction between health and social economic developmentl协调发展的观念协调发展的观念l双向作用的观念双向作用的观念l美国学者美国学者MushkinMushkin。
计计算出了美国在算出了美国在1900—1900—19601960年人口死亡率下年人口死亡率下降带来的经济收益约降带来的经济收益约为为82008200亿亿l疾病对人力资本和劳疾病对人力资本和劳动生产率造成损失的动生产率造成损失的““3D”3D”框架框架 Death, DisabilityDeath, Disability,, Debility.Debility. 人力资本人力资本智力资本+体力智力资本+体力资本资本SocialMedicine第4. Basic thinking of social medicinelPositive concept of health—Bio-psycho-social medical modell现代医学模式下的积极健现代医学模式下的积极健康观康观USA19000亿亿1%最不健康最不健康20%%20%慢病病人%慢病病人70%% 70%健康人健康人l10%SocialMedicine第吸烟已成为全球第二吸烟已成为全球第二号杀手号杀手关注高危人群关注高危人群&高危因素高危因素High risk factors & population全球十大健康危险因素:即营养不良、不安全性行为、高血压、吸烟、酗酒、不安全饮用水及不良卫生设施和卫生习惯、铁缺乏、室内烟尘污染、高胆固醇、肥胖等。
4. Basic thinking of social medicineSocialMedicine第4. Basic thinking of social medicinelDeterminant role of social factors in prevention and treatment of diseaseslAll sectors involvement in health worksl社会因素在疾病防治社会因素在疾病防治中的重要作用中的重要作用l多部门参与多部门参与人事人事人口人口&计划生育计划生育劳动劳动&社会保障社会保障教育教育计划、财政计划、财政药品监督管理药品监督管理卫生卫生SocialMedicine第社会医学发展史社会医学发展史The history of social medicine–the embryonic stage of social medicine–development of social medicine–development of social medicine in China–社会医学的萌芽社会医学的萌芽 –社会医学的创立和发社会医学的创立和发展展–我国社会医学的发展我国社会医学的发展SocialMedicine第希波克拉底Embryonic stage-Hippocrates Embryonic stage-Hippocrates l “ “Air, Water and Places”Air, Water and Places”----l environment, wind direction, sunlightenvironment, wind direction, sunlight water quality and citizen’s life style water quality and citizen’s life style---- it is more important to know the person having the disease than to know the disease the person has;;Hippocrates, born in 460 bc , father of modern medicine.SocialMedicine第The role of Hippocrates on Modern Medicinel Hippocrates reject the notion that diseases have a supernatural cause. l the first to perceive a relationship between cause and effect in a mechanistic way, providing the foundation for modern scientific notions of disease causation.l l疾病的致病因素的研究--推进的疾病的致病因素的研究--推进的医学的发展,否认疾病的产生是超医学的发展,否认疾病的产生是超自然力量导致的;自然力量导致的;l以机械的眼光看待疾病的因果关系以机械的眼光看待疾病的因果关系l为现代医学的疾病因果理论奠定了为现代医学的疾病因果理论奠定了基础基础SocialMedicine第“Humoural theory”The Hippocrates developed the theory, as a physiological explanation of health and disease. all matter could be reduced to the basic elements earth, fire, air and water cold, hot, dry and wet; four humours of phlegm, blood, black bile and yellow bile. The elements, constituents and humoursHealth----mutual balanceDisease---disorderSocialMedicine第 Pathogenesis of disease and the role of doctorsl The external influences of food and drink and climatic factors of excessive heat and cold influence internal mechanisms. lThe role of the physician was to restore the equilibrium of health. lThe Humoural theory was a holistic one.l饮食和环境因素饮食和环境因素—影响内在机制影响内在机制l医生的职责是恢复健康平衡医生的职责是恢复健康平衡;l希波拉底的医学观是整体医学观希波拉底的医学观是整体医学观SocialMedicine第Significance of HippocrateslBefore::mystical approach to disease characterized by the worship of gods, the fending off of evil demons l separate Western medicine from--a primarily mystical approach to disease . l marks the beginning of a rational *patho-physiology l希波克拉底之前:疾病是由神希波克拉底之前:疾病是由神秘的超自然力量导致的;秘的超自然力量导致的;l希波克拉底及其创立的学说将希波克拉底及其创立的学说将西医与原始的神秘主义分割开西医与原始的神秘主义分割开来来l标志理性病理生理学的真正开标志理性病理生理学的真正开端端SocialMedicine第 Embryonic stage of social medicine1. Galen: ancient Doctor in Rome: focus on psychological factors upon health;;2.Peter Frank: German social hygienist: miserable life is the hotbed of diseases; “the National Supervision System”—supervision plan—government measures to protect public health3. First person: social health measures to control diseasel古罗马医师盖伦:古罗马医师盖伦:重视心理重视心理因素对健康的影响因素对健康的影响; ;l德国社会卫生学家德国社会卫生学家: :弗兰克弗兰克: : 悲惨的生活是疾病的温床悲惨的生活是疾病的温床; ;l< <全国医学监督体制全国医学监督体制>:>: 用医学监督计划使政府采用医学监督计划使政府采取措施保护公众的健康取措施保护公众的健康; ;l提出社会卫生措施提出社会卫生措施SocialMedicine第社会医学的建立和发展社会医学的建立和发展Establishment and development of Social Medicinel1848 Frenchman Jules Guerin: first person–Social medicinelScattered medical supervision; public health and forensic medicine should be integrated into Social medicine: divided into 4 parts:lSocial physiology:lSocial pathology:lSocial hygienelSocial therapeuticsl法国医生儒勒法国医生儒勒.盖林盖林l第一次提出社会医学第一次提出社会医学;l建议将分散的医学监督、公共建议将分散的医学监督、公共卫生、法医学构成一个整体:卫生、法医学构成一个整体:社会医学社会医学---分为四个部分;分为四个部分;l社会生理学;社会生理学;l社会病理学;社会病理学;l社会卫生学;社会卫生学;l社会治疗学。
社会治疗学SocialMedicine第德国病理学家德国病理学家 魏尔啸魏尔啸German Pathologist: Rudolf VirchowlThe kernel of medical science is social sciencel“Medicine is a social sciencelPolitics is nothing more than medicine in broad senselBest method of medicine is to combine medicine with social life and political activitiesl医学科学的核心是社会科学医学科学的核心是社会科学l医学是一门社会科学;任何社医学是一门社会科学;任何社会都应对居民的健康负责;会都应对居民的健康负责;l政治学是广义上的医学政治学是广义上的医学l实现医学目标的最好的办法是实现医学目标的最好的办法是将医学和社会生活和政治活动将医学和社会生活和政治活动结合起来结合起来SocialMedicine第 德国:格罗蒂杨德国:格罗蒂杨German A.Grotjahntheory of social pathologyBook::social Pathology suggests :: disease should be studied from the standpoint of social viewlIs a first person given lecture on social hygienel德国德国 格罗蒂杨格罗蒂杨:l提出社会病理学的理论和提出社会病理学的理论和概念概念;l<社会病理学社会病理学>用社会观点用社会观点研究人类疾病的原则研究人类疾病的原则l首次在柏林大学开设社会首次在柏林大学开设社会卫生学讲座卫生学讲座SocialMedicine第 Germany:: Birthplace of social medicinelBefore WWIIlSocial HygienelSocial medicinelLater----become social medicinel德国是社会医学的发源地德国是社会医学的发源地l二战前:使用社会卫生学二战前:使用社会卫生学和社会医学和社会医学l后改为社会医学后改为社会医学SocialMedicine第lpreventive medicinelcommunity medicinelmedical sociologylhealth care managementlmedical psychology 社会医学与其他相关学科的关系社会医学与其他相关学科的关系The relationship of social medicine with other related subjects l预防医学预防医学l社区医学社区医学l医学社会学医学社会学l卫生管理学卫生管理学 l医学心理学医学心理学SocialMedicine第Preventive MedicinePreventive medicine studies how natural and social factors affect people’s health: : How Disease occurred and spread How Disease occurred and spread put prevention fist put prevention fist Three-stage preventive measures Three-stage preventive measures focus on medical prevention focus on medical prevention Bio-preventive strategy mainlyBio-preventive strategy mainly Social medicine grow out ofSocial medicine grow out of preventive medicine preventive medicineSocialMedicine第Social Medicine Vs Community MedicinelCommunity medicinelMore practical lOperationallBoth target at population levellIntermediate levellEnjoy same origin with social medicinelThe Practice of social medicine facilitate the development of theory of social medicinellSocial medicinelMore theoretical l macro –mainly at policy levellOffer guiding principlelTheory of social medicine be practiced in community medicinelMore theoretical, offer principle and guidance to CMlOffer methodology SocialMedicine第 Medical SociologylMedical sociology belong to the disciplinary group of sociologylconcerned with social causes and consequences of health and illnessl social aspects of health and illness l social functions of health organizations and institutions Il healthcare systems vs. social systemsl social behavior of health workers and users lpatterns of health services patterns of health servicesl属于社会学的分支属于社会学的分支l关注健康和疾病的社会原因和关注健康和疾病的社会原因和结果结果l从社会角度研究健康和疾病从社会角度研究健康和疾病l研究卫生组织和机构的社会职研究卫生组织和机构的社会职能能l卫生系统和社会系统的关系卫生系统和社会系统的关系l医生和患者的社会行为医生和患者的社会行为l利用卫生服务的格局利用卫生服务的格局SocialMedicine第 社会医学在各国的发展社会医学在各国的发展Development of Social Medicine in different countrieslIn UK, course of social medicine is offered, social medicine research institute was established in Oxford UniversitylProfessor John Ryle: all public health, industrial health, social health and medical care belong to social medicinelIn 1960s, social medicine changed into community medicinel英国英国: 40s 开设社会医学开设社会医学, 在牛在牛津大学成立社会医学研究院津大学成立社会医学研究院l牛津大学牛津大学:赖尔教授赖尔教授:公共卫生、公共卫生、工业卫生、社会卫生服务、公工业卫生、社会卫生服务、公共医疗事业都属于社会医学的共医疗事业都属于社会医学的范畴范畴l60s社会医学改成社区医学社会医学改成社区医学SocialMedicine第 社会医学在美国的发展社会医学在美国的发展In United StateslMedical sociology and family medicine developedlEmphasis on sociology, management and economicslSocial medicine: was included in the course of health management and health policyl医学社会学和家庭医学得医学社会学和家庭医学得到了发展;到了发展;l强调社会学、管理学和经强调社会学、管理学和经济学;济学;l社会医学包含在卫生管理社会医学包含在卫生管理学和卫生政策学的讲座内学和卫生政策学的讲座内容中;容中;SocialMedicine第 社会医学在中国的发展社会医学在中国的发展Social medicine in ChinalIn 50s, course of Health Care Organization is a compulsory course for medical student, research and teaching group set up in all medical collegelIn 80s, Ministry of Health set up 6 training centers--- social medicine was the main coursel90% of medical college offered course in social medicinel50年代:《保健组织学》作为年代:《保健组织学》作为医学生的必修课,成立保健组医学生的必修课,成立保健组织教研组织教研组l80年代:卫生部成立年代:卫生部成立6所卫生管所卫生管理干部培训中心,社会医学成理干部培训中心,社会医学成为主干课程为主干课程l90%以上的医学院开设了社会以上的医学院开设了社会医学课程医学课程SocialMedicine第 参考文献:参考文献: referencesl李鲁主编:《社会医学》李鲁主编:《社会医学》 第二版第二版lWHO::social determinants of health;;lWorld Bank::Macro economy and health;;l龚幼龙主编:《社会医学龚幼龙主编:《社会医学》第一版》第一版lWHO ::2002 world health report::Reducing risks,,and Promoting Healthy Life StylelWBI:: Getting Health Reform Right。
World Bank 2002SocialMedicine第Question:思考题:思考题: why we should learn social medicine?l What is the nature of this subject? 社会医学的学科性质是什么?社会医学的学科性质是什么?l why it is necessary and important for medical students ? 医学院校的学生学习社会医学的必要性和重要性医学院校的学生学习社会医学的必要性和重要性SocialMedicine第。












