研究生英语课程unit7.doc

Unit 7Text AII. Language points1. During the second half of the twentieth century, the impact of social and environmental factors on infectious disease outbreaks has been greatly amplified by the doubling of the world’s population, accelerating most rapidly in the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics, where infectious diseases continued to have a hold. (Para. 1) During the second half of the twentieth century, social and environmental factors have had an increasingly strong impact on infectious disease outbreaks, due to the sharp increase in the world’s population, which grows most rapidly in the developing countries of the tropics and subtropics, where infectious diseases continued to cause suffering.amplify v. to increase sth. in strengthe. g. A manufacturer can amplify the demand of a product by advertising widely.accelerate v. to start to go fastere. g. We must seize all opportunities to accelerate development.2. Rural–urban migration has resulted in inadequacy of sanitation, crowded living conditions and other basic infrastructure issues associated with population growth. (Para. 1) Large numbers of people have moved from the countryside to cities, causing problems such as dirty and crowded living conditions and lack of basic and necessary public service systems.migration: n. the movement of large numbers of people, birds or animals from one place to anothere. g. the seasonal migration of birdssanitation: n. the equipment and systems that keep places clean, especially by removing human wasteinfrastructure: n. the basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organizatione. g. Basic infrastructure in many Asian economies remains inadequate.3. It has thus contributed to the resurgence of many diseases, such as tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, and plague, that are transmitted when living conditions and hygiene are sub-standard, and when overcrowding occurs. (Para.1) It has thus resulted in many Unit 7 61diseases coming back again, such as tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, and plague, which are spread when people live in crowds and do not have clean and proper living conditions.resurgence: n. the return and growth of an activity that had stoppede. g. The United Nations is poised for a resurgence, a renaissance with new blood and new people and new ideas and new leadership.hygiene: n. the practice of keeping yourself and your living and working areas clean in order to prevent illness and disease4. Cholera, thought to have been introduced into Peru in 1990 by bilge pumped from a freight ship, resulted in urban epidemics in Peru and parts of Latin America where it had previously been quiescent for over 100 years. (Para. 1) Experts believe that cholera was introduced into Peru in 1990 by the dirty water that had collected in the bottom part of a freight ship, which became widespread in cities in Peru and parts of Latin America, where the disease had previously been inactive for over 100 years.bilge: n. ( the dirty water collected in) the bottom part of a freight shipepidemic: n. a large number of cases of a particular disease happening at the same time in a particular community e. g. Prevention is the most critical element in slowing the spread of this devastating epidemic.quiescent: n. quiet, not active; (of a disease, etc.) not developinge. g. It is unlikely that such an extremist organization will remain quiescent for long.5. Behaviors such as over or under prescribing of antibiotics by health workers, and excessive demand for antibiotics by the general population, have had a remarkable impact on the selection and survival of resistant microbes, rapidly increasing levels of microbial resistance. (Para. 2) Behaviors such as doctors giving patients antibiotics too often or below necessary amounts, common people depending too much on antibiotics, have weakened the effects of antibiotics, thus causing antibiotics to fail to kill some of the microbes which the antibiotics are originally supposed to kill.prescribe: v. (of a doctor) to tell somebody to take a particular medicine or have a particular treatment; to write a prescription for a particular medicine, etc.e. g. Doctors usually prescribe radiotherapy for cancer patients.6. Drug-resistant microbes have then spread from person to person and geographically, raising the prospect that common infectious diseases could become prohibitively expensive or impossible to treat. (Para. 2) Microbes that the antibiotics have failed to kill have then spread from person to person and from one place to another, making the situation likely that common infectious diseases could become much too costly and impossible to treat.prohibitive: a. (of a price or a cost) so high that it prevents people from buying sth. or doing sth.全日制 硕士专业学位研究生英语教程教学参考 62e. g. The project was abandoned because of prohibitive costs.prohibitively ad.e. g. Giving every patient an annual anti-flu injection would be prohibitively expensive.7.。