宁夏灵武生态恢复区地表甲虫多样性及其边缘效应的研究.pdf

宁夏大学 硕士学位论文 宁夏灵武生态恢复区地表甲虫多样性及其边缘效应的研究 姓名：陈曦 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：草业科学 指导教师：贺达汉;张大治 2010-03 i 摘 要 荒漠半荒漠是陆地生态环境中最严酷、生物资源最贫乏的自然景观，以干旱少雨、风大沙 频、昼夜温差悬殊、植被稀疏但群落性极强为基本特点，是特殊耐干旱昆虫的栖息繁衍地本 文利用巴氏诱罐法于 2010 年 4 月~8 月对宁夏灵武生态恢复区不同植被类型：荒漠草原区、人工 柠条林区以及风沙封育区地表甲虫群落进行了比较系统的调查，分别应用多样性指数、边缘效 应强度和生物指示值等方法分析了宁夏灵武生态恢复区地表甲虫物种结构组成、物种多样性现 状、边缘效应强度及其对不同生境类型指示物种本研究为本地区有害生物防治、生物多样性 保护及其生态环境可持续发展提供基础资料 实验共采集到地表甲虫标本 4201 号，隶属 15 科，43 属 60 种优势科为拟步甲科，共 22 种，占总物种数的 33.7%，个体数量达 3664 只，占到总甲虫数量的 87.22%；步甲科、象甲科和 鳃金龟科为常见科；优势种为波氏东鳖甲、阿小鳖甲、小丽东鳖甲、尖尾东鳖甲和克小鳖甲， 其中波氏东鳖甲标本 1081 号，占总个体数的 25.76%。

运用 Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数、丰富度指数、Pielou 均匀度指数、Simpson 优势度指数对宁 夏灵武生态恢复区三种生境不同月份进行多样性分析可以看出，风沙封育区的甲虫个体数量、物种 丰富度最高，且与其他两种生境存在显著差异，人工柠条林的多样性指数、均匀度指数最高对不 同季节的地表甲虫多样性分析表明，荒漠草原区甲虫多样性指数以 4 月最高，人工柠条林区多样性 指数以 7 月最高，风沙封育区多样性指数 8 月最高 采用对应分析(Correspondence Analysis, CA)对该地区优势类群和常见类群甲虫时空动态分析， 拟步甲科、鳃金龟科和象甲科在风沙封育区个体数量最丰富，步甲科在荒漠草原区分布广泛在时 间上，拟步甲科和象甲科都是在 6 月和 8 月出现两个活动高峰，步甲科在 4 月达到活动高峰，鳃金 龟科在 6 月上旬活动频繁，总体甲虫数量在 6 月初和 8 月出现两次活动高峰，且与其他月份有显著 差异 选定该地区常见的两种边缘类型荒漠草原-人工柠条林边缘和固定-半流动沙地边缘， 分析了 地表甲虫群落在边缘处及相邻生境多样性变化和边缘效应强度，发现两种边缘类型的边缘处地 表甲虫多样性高于其相邻的生态系统。

运用测度边缘效应的公式： ∑ = iH HHE/m 和 ∑ = iC CCE/m， 对两种边缘类型 EH和 EC的计算表明， 边缘类型Ⅰ的边缘效应低于边缘类型Ⅱ， EH值分别为 1.0574 和 1.1708，但两种边缘类型的 EH都大于 1，表现为正的边缘效应 利用生境指示值 IndVal(Indicator value)，将拟步甲科物种划分为四类：所有生境广布 种、荒漠草原特有种、人工柠条林特有种和风沙封育区特有种大部分拟步甲对环境有明 显的生态指示作用纳氏东鳖甲、突角漠甲、宁夏东鳖甲、中华砚甲是荒漠草原典型的指示性 昆虫；莱氏脊漠甲、球胸小鳖甲对人工柠条林生境有特殊适应性；波氏东鳖甲、尖尾东鳖甲、 谢氏宽漠王对风沙封育区的半流动沙地具有显著的指示作用小丽东鳖甲、蒙古漠王、谢氏宽 漠甲对风沙封育区固定沙地有指示作用 关键词：荒漠生态恢复区，地表甲虫，物种多样性，边缘效应，指示性昆虫 ii Abstract Arid and semi-arid regioins were the harshest environment and the poorest biological resources of the natural landscape in terrestrial ecosystems. There have a basic characteristic that with dry climate and strong wind and sand, big temperature difference between day and night and the vegetation is sparse but highly communities. This area is a special insect habitat of drought-resistant breeding ground. During the period of April to August in 2010, the comparative investigation of comprehensive system for ground-dwelling beetles community in different habitat types of ecosystem restoration region in Lingwu of Ningxia were surveyed by pitfall trap. Using the methods of diversity index, edge effect intensity and biological instruction value method to analyze the composition of beetle species, diversity status, edge effect intensity and different habitat types instruction value in this ecological recovery region, and provides the basic references for pest prevention, biodiversity protection and ecological environment of ecosystem restoration zone sustainable development. This experiment has collected 4201 beetles, which belong to 15 familys 43 generas and 60 species. Among these, Tenebrionidae was a dominant family which occupies 33.7% in total number of species and 87.22% in total beetles of quantitys. Carabidae, Curculionidae, Melolonthidae were the sub-domimant family. Anutolica potanini, Microdera kraatz alashanica, Anutolica mirabilis, Anatolica mucronata Microdera kraatz were the dominant species, among these the Anutolica potanini have 1081 beetles and occupies 25.76% in total beetles of quantitys. Diversity indices analysis in different months and different locations that was using the Shannon-Wiener Diversity index, the Margalef abundance index, the Pielou uniformity index and the Simpson dominance index. The variational trend of diversity index in different habitat types is the following: the individual and species richness were highest in Sand-fixation zone, and had significant difference with others, the diversity and evenness were highest in Artificial Caragana stand. Seasonal analysis showed that the highest diversity index for the mouth correspondent in Desert steppe, Artificial Caragana stand and Sand-fixation zone that was respectively on April, July and August. The results of correspondence analysis (CA) to ground-dwelling beetle communities of different locations and different months show that Tenebrionidae, Curculionidae and Melolonthidae occured in Sand-fixation zone, and Carabidae activity in Desert steppe. In season, Tenebrionidae and Curculionidae were in June and August appeared two activities peak, Carabidae in April get to the activities peak and Melolonthidae in early the June, the tatal numbers of beetle up to the twice activitiy peaks in early the June and August, and remarkable different with the other months. The edge effects of beetle communities were studied among two types of edge zones in this region. On the whole, the beetle communities in edge zone are higher than those in the interior of adjacent communities at the similar edge. Two formulas measuring the intensity of edge effete from the iii quantity of population and structure of community were used in analysis. They respectively are: ∑ = iH HHE/m and ∑ = iC CCE/m . Through calculations，the characteristics of all kinds of edges can be decided by comprising the values of EH with threshold value1。