
语法复习十:助动词与情态动词.docx
7页语法复习十:助动词与情态动词(一) 助动词有be, have, do, will, shall它们本身没有词义,只和实义动词的一定形式构 成复合谓语,用来表示时态和语态,构成否定、疑问及加强语气等1、be (am, is, are, were, been)(l)“be + -ing”构成进行时态;(2) “be +过去分词”构成被动语态;(3) “be +动词不定式” 构成复合谓语:①表示按计划安排要发生的事The prime minister is to visit Japan next year.总 理将于明年访问日本②用于命令You're to do your homework before you watch TV你得做完 了作业才能看电视2、have (has, had)(l)“have+过去分词"构成完成时态如:Have you seen the film ? (2)“have been + -ing"构成 完成进行时态如: What have you been doing these days? 这些日子你一直在干什么?3、do (does, did)(l)“do not + 动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。
如: His brother doesn't like playing basket.; ⑵“Do +主语+动词原形"构成行为动词的一般疑问句°Does he go to school by bike every day? (3)“do + 动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气如: I did go to see him, but he wasn't in我确实去看望他了,但他不在家Do do some work.请一定做点什么;(4)代替前面刚出现 的动词以避免重复 My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.4. will, shall (would, should)“will (shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时,一般来说shall用于第一人称,will用于第二人称 或第三人称,口语中常用 will 代替 shll,如:We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.(二) 情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须” 或“应当”等之意。
情态动词没有人称和数的变化但不能单独作谓语动词用,必须和不带 to 的不定式连用构成谓语动词只有情态动词 ought 要和带 to 的动词不定式连用,在句中作谓 语用将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式,在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式现将 各情态动词的基本用法分述如下:1、 can和could (could为can的过去式)的基本用法(1)表示能力,如: He can speak English better than you. (2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、 “猜测”或“可能性”,如:Can this green bike be Liu Dong's? (3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换 用,女口: You can (may) go home now. (4如果要表示语气婉转,可用could代替can,这时could 不再是 can 的过去式,如:Could you come again tomorrow? (5)can 和 be able to 都可表示能力, 两者在意思上没有什么区别但是can只能有现在式和过去式,而be able to则有更多的形式, 如: He will be able to do the work better.2、 may和might (might为may的过去式)的基本用法(1)表示允许或征询对方许可,有“可以”之意,如: You may use my dictionary. 在回答对方 说“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时,一般多不用may或may not,以避免语气生硬或不容气。
而用比较婉转的说法进行回答如: May I use this dictionary? Yes, please. 或 Certainly.在请求对方许可时,如果Might I...?就比用May I...?语气更婉转些,女口: May I have a look at your new computer? 但是表示“ 阻止” 或 “ 禁止” 对方做某事时,要用 must not 代替 may not,如: ——May we swim in this lake?——No, you mustn't. It's too dangerous. (2)may 或 might 都可以表示可能性,表示“或许”、“可能”之意,如果用might表示可能性,则语气更加不肯定, 如: They may (might) be in the library now .3、 must 的基本用法(l)must表示“必须"、“应该”之意,其否定式must not,缩写形式为mustn't,表示“不应该”, “不准”、 “不许可”或“禁止”之意,如: We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustn't touch the fire. (2)对以must提出的疑问句,如作否定回答时,要用needn't或用don't (doesn't) have to (不必)来回答,而不用mustn't,因为mustn't表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意,女口:一 Must we finish the work tomorrow? No, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish it in threedays. (3)在肯定句中 must 可以表示推测,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,如: Whose new bike canit be? It must be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one.4、 can, could, may, must 后接完成式的用法(1)can, could后接完成式的用法:①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀 疑”或“不肯定”的态度,Could he have said so?②在肯定句中,可以表示过去可能做到而实际并 没做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。
如: When did you answer her letter? Only yesterday.——It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure. (2)may, might 后接完成式 的用法①表示对过去某事的推测,认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了如果使用might,语气 就比较婉转或更加不肯定,女口: Mary might have learned some Chinese before.②可以表示过去本 来可以做到而实 际没有做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气,如: You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done it better.⑶must后接完成式的用法:表示对过去某事的推测,认 为某事在过去一定做到 了,如: Liu Dong isn't in the classroom. He must have gone to the library.5、 have to的基本用法:have to和must的意义相近,只是must侧重表示说话人的主观 看法,而 have to 则表示客观需要,如:I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.6、 ought to 的基本用法(l)表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事,语气比should强,例如:Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations. (2)表示推测,注意与 must 表示推测时的区别: He must be home by now .(断定他已到家), He ought to be home by now .( 不十分肯定), This is where the oil must be.(比较直率),This is where the oil ought to be.(比较含蓄);(3)“ought + have+ 过去分词”表 示过去应做某事而 实际未做。
例如: You ought to have helpedhim. (but you didn't) 这时, ought 与should可以互相换用注意,在美国英语中ought to用于否定和疑问句时to可以省略例 如: Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn't smoke so much.7、 dare 的基本用法(l)dare (dared为其过去式)作情态动词用时,主要用于否定句,疑问句和条件从句中,女口: Dared he bread the traffic regulations again? (2)在现代英语中 dare 常用作行为动词,其变化与一 般行为动词相同,如: She dares to stay at home alone at night.8、 need 的基本用法(1)need作情态动词用时,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,女口: He needn't worry about us now. (2)need 也可作为行为动词用,可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句中,其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带 to 的动词不定式为其宾语如:You need to practise reading aloud every day. (3)needn't 后接完成式可以表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情,如: Did you answer the letteryesterday? Yes, I did. But you needn't have answered it.9、 shall的基本用法(l)shall用作情态动词时,用于第二、三人称,表示说活人的意愿,可表示“命令”、“警告”、 “强制”、“威胁”或“允诺”等意,如: He shall go first, whether he wants to or not. (2)在疑问句中, shall用于第一、三人称,表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示,如:Shall I open the door?10、 should 的基本用法(1)should作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”,有“应该”之意,如:You should learn from each other. (2)should后接完成式表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情,或是做了本来不应该做 的事情。
如: You should have give him more help.11、 will的基本用法(1)用于各人称,可以表示“意志”或“决心”,如: I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. (2)在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问 对方的意愿,如:Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital G。