
动词不定式用法全解.docx
23页动词不定式用法全解英语动词的非谓语形式为三种:动词不定式、动名词和分词非谓语动词没有人称和数 的变化动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,其结构为“to+动词原形”,其中to不是介词,而是 动词不定式的符号,称为小品词,动词不定式没有人称和数的变化动词不定式和其后面的 名词等构成不定式短语,在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等动词不定式的形式:时态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have been doing动词不定式的否定形式:“not to”,即在“to”前面加否定词not.第一部分 动词不定式的时态一、动词不定式的时态: 动词不定式不能在句中作谓语,尽管它本身有时态的变化,但是却不能靠自身的变化形 式表示动作发生的具体时间动词不定式发生的时间,一般只能根据谓语动词的时间,产生 相对的先后时间关系1. 不定式的一般式,表示不定式的动作与谓语动词动作几乎同时发生,或在谓语动作之后 发生,或者不强调不定式动作的时间性但不定式表原因时,往往先于谓语动作之前发 生。
如:The news will not fail to surprise him.这个消息将不会不使他大吃一惊的不定式动作在将来和谓语动作同时发生)I helped to repair the car.我帮助修理汽车不定式动作在过去与谓语动作同时发生)He didn't know where to go.他不知道该去哪儿不定式稍晚于谓语动作)Tell your brother not to come tomorrow.告诉你哥哥明天不要来不定式晚于谓语动作)判断:He decided to sell his car.I tried to go to school in time.I hope to see you soon 不定式表示谓语动作的原因时,往往发生在谓语动作之前如:I am very happy to see you here.She seemed surprised to meet us.(先是遇见我们,她然后很吃惊)2. 不定式的完成式,通常表示动作发生在谓语动词之前如:I am sorry not to have come to your party last night.He seems to have finished his homework.I am very happy to have helped you.The rain seemed to have stopped.2.1若谓语动词是表示愿望、打算、意图的动词,如:hope, think, want, promise, plan, suppose, expect, mean, intend 等时,不定式的用法如下:2.1.1 上述动词的现在时+动词不定式的完成式,表示不定式发生在谓语动作之后,在将来发 生。
如:I hope/expect/want/plan to have finished the task by the end of this month.Finish 的动作发生在 hope 之后2.1.2上述动词的过去时+不定式的完成式,表示本希望在过去发生的事情,但因故未能实现 如:We planned to have finished the work before lunch.=We had planned to finish the work before lunch.我们本打算在午饭前完成这项工作但是没能完成)We meant to have stopped him fTom doing such a thing.=We had meant to stop him fTom doing such a thing.我们本想阻止他做那种事但没有成功)3. 不定式的进行式,表示不定式的动作正在进行,持续之中可能在谓语动作发生时正在进行,也可能在谓语动作之后发生并进行如:The boys were discovered to be hiding behind the door.男孩子们被发现正在门后藏在呢。
It's nice to be lying on the beach.躺在沙滩上,真是惬意极啦正躺在沙滩上)The boss doesn't like you to be always coming late for work 老板不喜欢你上班总是迟到4. 不定式的完成进行式,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前就已经开始,到谓语动作发生 时可能停止,也可能继续下去Tom seemed to have been reading a novel.He is found to have been working for 4 hours.第二部分 动词不定式的被动语态二、不定式的语态 动词不定式除了有时态变化外,还有语态变化用主动态还是被动态,取决于不定式和 其逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动不定式的逻辑主语:因为不定式不能作谓语,所以就不可能有语法上的主语但是通常情况下,我们可以推 断出句中的某个词实际上和不定式存在逻辑上的主谓关系,我们就称这个词为不定式的逻辑 主语1.不定式的逻辑主语的形式主要有:A) 不定式作及物动词的宾语或状语时,其逻辑主语通常就是句中的主语如:The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了。
不定式作宾语)He seems to have missed the train.(不定式作 seem 的宾语)I opened the door quietly in order not to disturb him.(不定式作目的状语)She came here to study, not to have a good time here.(目的状语)B) 在“动词+宾语+不定式(作宾语补语)”中,不定式的逻辑主语通常是它前面的宾语She wanted me to buy some books. ( me 是 to buy 的逻辑主语,而不是 she )A mother must teach her children not to tell lies.母亲应该教育孩子不撒谎children是not to lie的逻辑主语)C) 不定式的逻辑主语可能是作者或说话人,用来表示说话人对所谈内容的看法或态度To begin with, she made a speech to the audience.(逻辑主语不是 she,而是说话的人) To speak frankly, she doesn't work as hard as me.(逻辑主语不是 she,而是说话的人) To tell the truth he is quite lazy.(逻辑主语不是he,而是说话的人) 这类表示态度的不定式固定搭配还有:To be honest 老实说 / To cut a long story short 长话短说,简而言之 /To get (back) to the point 回到正题 / To put it another way 换句话说,等等。
2.若句中没有不定式的逻辑主语,又必须指明时,往往借助介词引出for/of/with/without + 名词/代词 + 动词不定式”A) 一般情况下,不定式的逻辑主语由介词fOr引出如:Is there anything fOr me to eat? (逻辑主语是 me )He opened the gate fOr the car to enter.(是 the car 进来,而不是 he) 他打开大门让汽车开进来It's unusual for him to be late.(逻辑主语是 him)I am waiting for the shop to open.(逻辑主语是 shop)B) 在 “It is/was +形容词+of+名词/代词+不定式"结构中,不定式的逻辑主语则是由of 引导这类形容词常常是用来说明或评价人的行为,表现,性格,特征,品质的形容 词如:absurd, brave, clever, clumsy(笨拙的),considerate(考虑周到的),cruel(残忍的), cunning(狡猾的),careful, careless, foolish,, enerous(慷慨的),good,greedy(贪婪的), honest, prudent (谨慎的),kind, lazy, modest, nasty, nice, polite, rude(粗 鲁的),selfish (自私 的),silly, stupid, thoughtful, wicked(邪 恶的)等。
It's very kind of you to help.It was stupid of me to believe him.3.动词不定式是用主动还是被动,由动词不定式和逻辑主语之间关系决定如果逻辑主语 是动作的发出者,不定式用主动;反之,用被动She asked the door to be closed.(被动语态)He ordered the guns to be fired.(他命令开火)He ordered the soldiers to fire the guns. 他命令士兵开火试比较:I have some clothes to be washed today. 我今天有些衣服要洗让别人帮忙洗)I have some clothes to wash.(自 己洗)※注意:A) 在there be句型中,主语可用不定式修饰如果句中主语是不定式的承受者,常常用 不定式的主动表示被动如:There is still a lot of work to do (to be done).B) too...to...句型也常常用不定式主动代替被动如:The stone is too heavy to move (be moved).The stone is too heavy for me to move.C) 在“主语+系动词+形容词+不定式”结构中,如果表语形容词说明的是主语的内在特 征,往往用主动表被动。
如:The pencil is easy to write with.The coffee is bitter to taste.这咖啡真苦The flower is awful to smell. 这花真难闻D) 如果不定式后面跟的是“动词+介词”短语动词,介词不可省略You are pleasant to talk with.( with 不能省略)和你交谈很令人愉快The pen is hard to write with. ( with 不能省略) 这支笔很难用E) take作“花费”解时,其后的不定式总是用主动The book took me 2 years to write.English takes time and energy to learn.学习英语需要花费时间和精力第三部分 动词不定式充当句子成分一、作主语谓语动词用单数例如:To be a doctor is ha。












